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BP = CO x TPR
CO = SV x HR
SV is determined by
(1) cardiac contractility
(2) the venous return to the heart (the preload)
(3) the resistance the left ventricle must overcome to eject blood
into the aorta (the afterload)
REGULATION OF SYSTEMIC BLOOD PRESSURE
Four systems are directly responsible for blood pressure regulation:
the heart, which supplies the pumping pressure
the blood vessel tone, which largely determines systemic resistance
the kidney, which regulates intravascular volume
hormones
The cardiovascular system is endowed with feedback mechanisms
that continuously monitor arterial pressure baroreceptor reflex
ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION
COA relative obstruction to flow, the blood pressure in the aortic arch,
head, and arms is higher than that in the descending aorta and its branches
and in the lower extremities.
If coarctation involves the origin of the left subclavian artery causing
lower pressure in the left arm compared with the right arm.
Hypertension in this condition arises by two mechanisms:
reduced blood fl ow to the kidneys stimulates the renin angiotensin system
Second, high pressures proximal to the coarctation stiffen the aortic arch through
medial hyperplasia and accelerated atherosclerosis
ENDOCRINE CAUSES