Fibonacci

Series
Defination
a series of numbers in which each number (Fibonacci
number) is the sum of the two preceding numbers. The
simplest is the series 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, etc.
Fibonacci numbers among binary
strings
The Fibonacci numbers can be found in different ways among the set ofbinarystrings, or
equivalently, among the subsets of a given set :
The number of binary strings of lengthnwithout consecutive 1s is the Fibonacci numberFn+2. For
example, out of the 16 binary strings of length 4, there areF6= 8 without consecutive 1s they are
0000, 0001, 0010, 0100, 0101, 1000, 1001 and 1010. By symmetry, the number of strings of
lengthnwithout consecutive 0s is alsoFn+2. Equivalently,Fn+2is the number of subsets S {1,...,n}
without consecutive integers: {i, i+1} S for every i. The symmetric statement is:Fn+2is the number
of subsets S {1,...,n} without two consecutive skipped integers: that is, S = {a 1< < ak} with
ai+1 ai+ 2.
The number of binary strings of lengthnwithout an odd number of consecutive 1s is the Fibonacci
numberFn+1. For example, out of the 16 binary strings of length 4, there areF5= 5 without an odd
number of consecutive 1s they are 0000, 0011, 0110, 1100, 1111. Equivalently, the number of
subsets S {1,...,n} without an odd number of consecutive integers isFn+1.
The number of binary strings of lengthnwithout an even number of consecutive 0s or 1s is 2Fn. For
example, out of the 16 binary strings of length 4, there are 2F4= 6 without an even number of
consecutive 0s or 1s they are 0001, 0111, 0101, 1000, 1010, 1110. There is an equivalent
statement about subsets.
 Fun
facts
Squares of Fibonacci series
Area of rectangle using Fibonacci
series
Relationship between Fibonacci
numbers and Pascals triangle
Trick to find sum of
Fibonacci numbers
Golden Ratio
Inmathematics, two quantities are in thegolden
ratioif theirratiois the same as the ratio of theirsum
to the larger of the two quantities. The figure on the
right illustrates the geometric relationship. Expressed
algebraically, for quantitiesaandbwitha>b>0,
(a+b)/a = a/b
Timeline on research on golden ratio
Phidias(490430 BC) made theParthenonstatues that seem to embody the golden ratio.
Plato(427347 BC), in hisTimaeus, describes five possible regular solids (thePlatonic solids : thetetrahedron,cube,octahedron,
dodecahedron, andicosahedron), some of which are related to the golden ratio.
Euclid(c. 325c. 265 BC), in hisElements, gave the first recorded definition of the golden ratio, which he called, as translated into
English, "extreme and mean ratio" (Greek: ).
Fibonacci(11701250) mentioned thenumerical seriesnow named after him in hisLiber Abaci; the ratio of sequential elements of
theFibonacci sequence approaches the golden ratio asymptotically.
Luca Pacioli(14451517) defines the golden ratio as the "divine proportion" in hisDivina Proportione.
Michael Maestlin(15501631) publishes the first known approximation of the (inverse) golden ratio as adecimal fraction .
Johannes Kepler(15711630) proves that the golden ratio is the limit of the ratio of consecutive Fibonacci numbers, [20]and
describes the golden ratio as a "precious jewel": "Geometry has two great treasures: one is theTheorem of Pythagoras , and the
other the division of a line into extreme and mean ratio; the first we may compare to a measure of gold, the second we may name
a precious jewel." These two treasures are combined in theKepler triangle.
Charles Bonnet(17201793) points out that in the spiralphyllotaxisof plants goingclockwiseand counter-clockwise were
frequently two successive Fibonacci series.
Martin Ohm(17921872) is believed to be the first to use the termgoldener Schnitt(golden section) to describe this ratio, in 1835.
douard Lucas(18421891) gives the numerical sequence now known as the Fibonacci sequence its present name.
Mark Barr (20th century) suggests the Greek letter phi (), the initial letter of Greek sculptor Phidias's name, as asymbolfor the
golden ratio.
Roger Penrose(b. 1931) discovered in 1974 thePenrose tiling, a pattern that is related to the golden ratio both in the ratio of areas
of its two rhombic tiles and in their relative frequency within the pattern. [23]This in turn led to new discoveries aboutquasicrystals .
Fibonacci spiral

AFibonacci spiralwhich approximates the

golden spiral, using Fibonacci sequence
square sizes up to 34. The spiral is drawn
starting from the inner 11 square and
continues outwards to successively larger
squares.
 Application
Of
Golden Ratio
In Art
In nature
Human body
In architecture
In industrial design
In musical instruments
Bibliography
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THANK
YOUKETAN VERMA
KESHAV NARAN
KANAV BHATIA