Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Living Organisms
Circulatory System
Has 3 components
Human
The blood passes into vessels such as arteries,
Circulator
arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins.
y system
What is blood?
Blood
Platelets
Leucocytes
Functions Of Blood
Gases Food
Eg. amino Waste
eg; Co2, O2 products
acids,
glucose
Hormones Heat
another.
blood from one part of the human body to
Blood vessels are tubes that transport
Arteries Veins
Capillaries
The heart is situated between the lungs and behind the sternum in the thorax
It is the size of a clenched fist
2 upper thin-walled atria
There are 4 chambers
2 lower thick-walled ventricles
The wall of the left ventricle is thicker than the wall of the right ventricle because
the left ventricle pumps blood to all parts of the body while the right ventricle only
pump blood to the lungs
The heart is divided into right and left side by a wall called the septum
The valve between the left atrium and ventricle has 2 cup-shaped flaps called the
bicuspid valve
The right atrio-ventricular valve has 3 cup-shaped flaps called tricuspid valve
The atrio-ventricular valves prevent back flow of blood into the atria when the
ventricles contract
Semi-lunar valves are located at the point where the pulmonary artery and aorta
leave the heart. This is to prevent the back flow of blood into the ventricle when
they relax.
Atrial Systole
The sino-atrial node
generates electrical
impulses. The electrical
Auricle impulses spread over the
contracts walls of both auricles
Semi
Ventrical causing them to contract.
sino-atrial lunar valves
contracts
node (SA) Purkinje
(pacemaker) tissue Ventricular Systole
The electrical impulses reach
atrio-ventricular the AV node, bundle of His
node (AV) fibres and Purkinje fibres
conduct the impulses to the
apex of the heart. The
The heart at rest electrical impulses spread to
the ventricles causing them
to contract
Baroreceptors in Cardiovascular
arch of aorta and increased rate centre in Medula
carotid arteries are of nerve impulses sent to Oblongata in the
stimulated brain
Action of effectors
weaker cardiac
Normal blood Blood pressure muscle contraction
pressure decreases lower resistance of
blood flow in the
blood vessels
Closed Open
blood is confined to vessels or in blood is contained in the
some cases sinuses body cavity known as a
haemocoel
Single Double insects have this type of
blood flows only circulation
once through the blood flows only
heart for every once through the
complete heart twice for
circulation every complete
fish have this circulation
type of circulation
Complete Incomplete
ostia
chamber of heart
pericardial membrane
haemocoel
Flow of blood from the heart Flow of blood from the heart
to the lungs and back to the to all parts of the body and
heart back to the heart
Prevents the entry of microorganisms and foreign particles into the body through
a wound
Blood lining
42 Platelets
Endothelial flows out
clump and blood
1together
A cut intoaform
avessel
plug
of blood toconstricts
prevent blood
vessel vessel When a blood vessel is injured, platelets begin
bloodloss
to collect at the site on injury, forming a barrier
called the platelet plug.
An enzyme, thrombokinase is released.
Vitamin K
Calcium ions
3 Platelets on exposure to air,
Erythrocyte
breakBlood
downvessel Prothrombin
and release 5 Platelets release Thrombin
constricts
chemicals to cause other thrombokinase Thrombokinase
and
platelets to stick to each otherother clotting factors
Fibrinogen Fibrin
(soluble) (insoluble)
As a result of high pressure, water and dissolved substances diffuse from the
capillaries and bathe the tissue, forming tissue fluid or interstitial fluid.
- Oxygen and nutrients diffuse from the blood through the interstitial fluid.
- Excretory waste (carbon dioxide, urea) diffuse out of the cells through the
interstitial fluid
Some of the tissue fluid returns to the capillaries (90%) while the rest (10%)
drains into the lymphatic vessels.
The lymph flow takes place in only one direction from the tissues to the heart.
Semilunar valves within the lymphatic vessels keep the flow of lymph in one
direction.
Bab 1 Pengangkutan
Lymph nodes
intervals along lymphatic vessel
produce and store lymphocytes
- help to defend the body against infection
Bab 1 Pengangkutan
Bab 1 Pengangkutan
lymph nodes
the lymphatic system is a Produce lymphocytes
network of lymphatic vessels Remove particles of
and capillaries, numerous debris and ingest
lymph nodes and two bacteria
organs, thymus and spleen.
Lymphatic system
Do not have own pump to move lymph
Moves with the help of
- 1-way valves
- muscular contraction
- intestinal movement
- pressure changes (inhalation and
exhalation)
Chapter 1 Transport
Transports absorbed fats and fat soluble vitamins from the small intestine into
the bloodstream.
Oedema
An excessive accumulation of interstitial
fluid in the space between the cell
May caused by a blocked lymphatic
vessel
Chapter 1 Transport
Antibodies
Mucous Phagocytosis
Skin produced by
membranes by phagocytes
lymphocytes
Sweat Secretion of
Sebum mucus
Consists of physical and chemical barriers that prevent pathogens from the body
Starts when a pathogen is able to get past the bodys first line of defence
Lysine enzyme digests the bacteria. Digested substance is absorbed into the
The bacteria
Phagocyte extends
is recognised
portions of
by its
theplasma
phagocyte.
membrane,
Phagocyte
wrapping
is close
around
to the
cytoplasm. Some
Bacteria
areisexcreted
trapped and swallowed
some may by
be the
used
phagocyte.
in the metabolism of
bacteria.
the phagocyte.
Phagocytes
Neutrophils and monocytes
Migrate to the infected area
Enter the interstitial fluid by squeezing
through capillary walls
During migration, monocytes enlarge and
develop into macrophages, found in
interstitial fluid
Chapter 1 Transport
Chapter 1 Transport
Chapter 1 Transport
The antibodies produced can defend the body in the following ways
Neutralisation Lysis
Opsonisation Agglutination
Lymphatic system
Also helps defend the body against
invasion by pathogens
When infection, pathogens and
lymphocytes collect in a great numbers in
the lymph nodes
Lymph nodes become swollen
Lymph nodes contain macrophages, dead
tissue, other foreign substances through
phagocytosis and lymphocytes
Role Of Circulatory System In Body Defence Mechanism Chapter 1 Transport
Types Of Immunity
Immunity is the ability of the human body to use antibodies to fight against the
invasion of pathogens
Immunity
Nature Artificial
enzymes
RNA
capsi
d
viral viral
envelop proteins
e
HIV attacks the immune system by reproducing inside the lymphocytes and
killing them
Transmission Of HIV
Prevention Of Aids
Do not have sex with any individual whose background and health status is
unknown
Cardiovascular diseases
Risk Factor
Obesity
Avoid smoking
Regular exercise
Stress-free lifestyle
Water and mineral salts have to be transported to all parts of the plant
Mineral ions are needed for chlorophyll synthesis, healthy plant growth
and development
Xylem Phloem
Xylem
Continuous
tubes
Vessels and tracheids form the two main parts in conducting elements.
Vessels
lume
rim of n
bordered
The horizontal end walls break bordered pits
down to provide an uninterrupted pit border pits
flow of water up the plant. in section
torus (valve) annular
perforations thickening
Each cell becomes lignified and in end wall
single large
loses its protoplasm
perforation
in end wall
of vessel
The lignified thickenings prevent
the walls caving in, increase the
adhesion of water molecules and
help the water to rise by capillarity.
Teach Biology Form 5
Chapter 1 Transport
Tracheid
Pits are the opening where water passes through from cell to cell.
Phloem
companion
sieve tubes fibers parenchyma
cells
companion
sieve tubes
cells
Sieve tube - a cylindrical column of
sieve cells (sieve tube elements)
joined end to end The companion cell has nucleus,
vacuole, cytoplasm and numerous
The end walls of each sieve tube mitochondria.
element are perforated by pores
forming structures called sieve
plates The companion cell provide
Longitudinal strands of cytoplasm metabolic support for the sieve
passing through the pores of the tube cells in the transport of
sieve plates help to transport organic substances.
materials from cell to cell
Translocation
Water is then drawn from cell to cell by osmosis until it reaches the
xylem vessels
mineral ions are activity secreted into the xylem and this increases
the osmotic pressure. This generates a pressure known as root
pressure.
Transpirational pull draws water from the leaves and stems and
eventually from the xylem in the roots.
The water column in the xylem vessels does not break due to
capillary action.