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Genetics
Chromosomes, DNA, Mitosis, and Meiosis
What did Mendel not
know?
Mendel died in 1869.
DNA was discovered in 1869 by
Friedrich Miescher.
Watson and Crick discovered the
double helix in 1953.
Central Dogma of Modern
Genetics
What is a protein?
How do proteins control our
traits?
A chromosome is a very
long strand of DNA that
typically contains many
genes.
We are more used to seeing
the condensed form of a
chromosome.
Haploid and Diploid
Most of the cells in your body
(somatic cells) are diploid.
S= Sugars
ATCG=
nitrogenous bases
Monomers and
Polymers
DNA Base Pairing
The nucleotides in DNA
pair up in the following
patterns:
Adenine Thymine
Guanine - Cytosine
RNA Transcription
In order to express a
gene DNA is transcribed
into another molecule -
RNA.
The RNA codes for a
protein. This process is catalyzed
by the enzyme RNA
polymerase
Structure of RNA
Unlike DNA,
Ribonucleic Acid
(RNA) consists of
only a single
strand of
nucleotides.
RNA Base pairing
In a molecule of RNA
nucleotide Thymine is RNA
Elongation
Terminatio
Initiation
RNA polymerase binds to DNA at a specific
sequence of nucleotides called the promoter.
Each codon
corresponds to a
particular AA.
Cell Replication
Why do cells
replicate?
This is known as a
semi-conservative
model.
DNA Replication
DNA Replication
DNA replication is a complex
process controlled by the following
enzymes (proteins);
DNA polymerase
Helicase
Helicase
DNA Helicase is the
enzyme that
unzips the DNA.
The helicase
creates a
replication fork.
DNA Polymerase
DNA polymerases
are enzymes that
synthesize DNA
molecules from
nucleotides, the
building blocks of
DNA.
Mitosis
In order to grow and
repair tissue the cells of
an organism need to
reproduce.
and cytokinesis
The Cell Cycle
se
e
The cell cycle is the series ha
s
ha
p
op
t a se
of events that take place e a
Pr
M aph
An a se
in a cell leading to its l o ph
Te
division.
It involves duplication of
its DNA (DNA replication)
and produces two
daughter cells.
Gamete formation
In the last unit we looked at the
Mendelian principles of Segregation
and independent assortment.
Evolution through
natural selection results
in the survival of the
fittest.