SOLAR AND WIND ENERGY

ROLL NO. 16209005

KUDRAT SHARMA
CLEAN TECHNOLOGY
 Why do we need these?

The consumption of non-renewable sources like oil, gas

and coal is increasing at an alarming rate. The time
has finally come to look after some other renewable
sources of energy i.e. solar, wind and geothermal
energy. Although many countries have started
utilizing solar energy extensively but still they have to
go a long way to exploit this energy to fulfill their
daily demand for energy.
Contents
1.Solar Energy
1.1 What is Solar energy?
1.2 Earths Energy Budget
1.3 Benefits of solar energy
1.4 Photosynthesis
1.5 Water Cycle
1.6 Solar cooker
1.7 Solar water heater
1.8 Space Heating
1.9 Mainstream Technologies
1.10 PV Technology
1.11 Concentrated solar Power
1.12 Stats related to Solar Power
2. Wind energy

2.1 What is wind energy?

2.2 Construction of wind turbine.
2.3 Wind turbine basics
2.4 Wind farms
2.5 Collection and distribution
2.6 Wind farm development
2.7 Pros and cons of wind power
2.8 Statistical Data.
SOLAR ENERGY
Fast facts about The Sun :
SOLAR ENERGY
The Sun accounts for 99.86% of the
mass in the solar system.
Over one million Earth's could fit
inside the Sun.
One day the Sun will consume the
Earth.
The energy created by the Sun's core
is nuclear fusion.
The Sun is almost a perfect sphere.
The Sun is travelling at 220 km per
second.
WHAT IS SOLAR ENERGY?

Solar energy is radiant light and heat from

the Sun that is harnessed using a range of
ever-evolving technologies such as solar
heating, photovoltaics, solar thermal
energy, solar architecture, molten salt power
plants and artificial photosynthesis.
 BENEFITS of SOLAR ENERGY

Solar energy is a completely free source of energy and it is

found in abundance.
The water cycle is an important result of solar insolation.
By means of photosynthesis, solar energy is converted by
green plants into chemical energy which creates the bio mass
that makes up the fossil fuels.
Horticulture and agriculture seek to make the maximum use of
solar energy.
Food can be cooked, dried or pasteurized using solar energy.
Clothes can be dried in the sun using clothes lines, cloth racks
etc.
 Common domestic use of solar energy is from solar panels
which absorb solar energy to use for cooking and heating water.

Solar powered hot water systems utilize solar energy to heat

water. In certain areas, 60 to 70% of water used domestically for
temperatures as high as 60 degree Celsius can be made available
by solar heating.

Solar power is the most exciting use of solar energy. It is how

solar energy is converted into electricity by using either photo-
voltaic (direct method) or concentrated solar power (Indirect).
Large beams of sunlight are focused into a small beam using
mirrors or lenses in the case of concentrated solar power.
Photovoltaic effect is used by Photo voltaic to convert solar
energy into electric energy.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Solar Water Heater
The design of SWH is done
as a particular
fraction of solar energy
towards the total energy
requirements.
 Technical Specifications of Installed SWH

Vacuum Tube outer diameter : 48 mm. Stand frame : Al Polyester Powder

Vacuum Tube inner diameter : 38 mm. coated
Tank outer Diameter : 480 mm. Inner Tank Material : SS- 316L grade (0.7
Tube Length : 1800 mm mm)
Temperature : 68oC to 84oC. Outer Tank Material : Al Polyester Powder
coated
Collector area : 2m2
Outer tank capacity : 300 liters
Transmittance of glazing : 0.91
Method of Welding : Seam less welding.
Absorbance of collector : 0.91
Type of Fasteners : Stainless Steel.
Collector inclination angle : 43.5o
Type of Grommets : Silicon rubbers.
Mass of storing water : 100 liters
Type of Circulation : Thermo-siphon
Specific heat of water : 4.2kJ/kg K
Type of inlet feeding : Using gravity feeding
Tank Insulation : 55mm 80mm
tank for non pressure, low mixing of hot
(Polyurethane foaming) and cold water, and long life of inner tank.
 WORKING OF A SWH
The working of SWH is very simple and works on
heat trapping principle i.e., Green House Effect.

A black surface heats up when left in the sun, by absorption of solar

radiation and this absorption property of black surfaces is
used to improve solar energy absorption in a solar energy
systems .

A typical domestic SWH consists of a hot

water storage tank and one or
more flat plate collectors.

The collectors are glazed on the

sun facing side to allow solar radiation to come in. A black
absorbing surface inside the flat plate collectors absorbs
solar radiation and transfers the energy to water flowing
through it.
Heated water is collected in the tank which is
insulated to prevent heat loss. Circulation of water from the
tank through the collectors and back to the tank continues
automatically due to density difference between hot and
cold water (thermosyphon effect) .

There are two types of solar water heater;

(i) Flat plate collector SWH in which the solar radiation is absorbed
by flat plate collectors which consist of an insulated outer
metallic box covered on the top with glass sheet. Inside
there are blackened metallic absorber sheets with built in
channels or riser tubes to carry water. The absorber absorbs
the solar radiation and transfers the heat to flowing water,
and
(ii) Evacuated tube collector SWH in this type the
collector is made of double layer boron silicate glass tubes
evacuated for providing insulation. The outer wall of the
inner tube is coated with selective absorbing material. This
helps absorption of solar radiation and transfers heat to the
water which flows through the inner tube .
 Payback period of a SWH.
The economical meaning of the payback period is the amortization
period of the solar energy system (capital repayment time).
It also means the time after which the solar system has gained the
exact amount of energy that was required for its production.

Basically, it is the time needed for the cumulative fuel savings to

equal to the total initial investment, or the time required to get
back the money spent to erect the solar energy system from the
fuel savings incurred because of the use of the system.

By considering that the water heater fulfill the requirement

of delivering the hot water (60oC), costs Rs. 20,000, then
the saving can be estimated in terms of amount requiring of
other heating fuel like, LPG, electricity, coal etc.
For electricity savings, the heat energy required
= 4.20 * 100 * (60-30) = 12600 kJ (100 liters capacity )
and electrical units required per day for same
12600/3600 = 3.5 kWh
but the efficiency of electric water heater is 0.90, therefore
actual electrical energy supplied;
= 3.5/0.90 = 3.88 kWh
and the unit cost of electricity is 3.90/kWh, the total cost
electricity required per day
= 3.88 x 3.90 = Rs. 15.13
and we have 300 days with a good sunshine out of 365, then

total cost becomes;

= 15.13 x 300 = Rs. 4539

Now pay pack period = Investment/savings = 20,000/4539

= 4.41 years (approximately)
 BENEFITS OF SWH
There are numerous benefits to society by using solar water
heaters or other solar energy devices as followings;

1. SWH helps in heating water by using an absolutely

free energy from the Sun. Water is easily heated to
a temperature of 60-80oC. SWHs of 100-300 liters
capacity are appropriate for domestic use while for
larger systems can be used in restaurants, canteens,
guest houses, hotels, hospitals etc.
3. A SWH of 100 liters capacity can prevent emission
of 1.5 tones of CO2 per year and some other
harmful pollutants AS SHOWN IN THE FIGURE.
3. A SWH of 100 liters capacity can save 649 kg of
firewood, 152 kg of charcoal, 379 liters of kerosene,
182 kg of LPG, 1162 kW/h of electricity, and directly
an amount of 4500 to Rs. 6500 (INR) in cash per
year. It has been estimated that a domestic solar
water heating system of 100 liter per day capacity
can mitigate around 1237 kg of CO2 emissions in
a year at 50% capacity utilization and in hot and
sunny region it is about 1410.5 kg.

4. During the continuous use or operative conditions,

a SWH does not require a regular attention, beside
this it requires less maintenance in comparison of
an electrical geyser or boiler.
5. It is users friendly and no highly skilled person
is required to operate it. Its also very economic
with a payback period of 4 to 5 years. Due to its
simple construction, it eliminates all accidents
while using other water heating systems (performing
on electricity etc.) there is always a probability for
accident or fire.

6. The system also has the flexibility to be operated on

auxiliary power in low ambient conditions or bad
climatic conditions.
SPACE HEATING
SOLAR ENERGY for ELECTRICITY
Solar power is the conversion of energy from sunlight into electricity,
either directly using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly
using concentrated solar power. Concentrated solar power systems
use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of
sunlight into a small beam. Photovoltaic cells convert light into
an electric current using the photovoltaic effect.

The International Energy Agency projected in 2014 that under its

"high renewables" scenario, by 2050, solar photovoltaics and
concentrated solar power would contribute about 16 and 11 percent,
respectively, of the worldwide electricity consumption, and solar
would be the world's largest source of electricity. Most solar
installations would be in China and India.
 Mainstream technologies

Many industrialized nations have installed significant solar power

capacity into their grids to supplement or provide an alternative
to conventional energy sources while an increasing number of
less developed nations have turned to solar to reduce dependence
on expensive imported fuels (see solar power by country). Long
distance transmission allows remote renewable energy resources
to displace fossil fuel consumption. Solar power plants use one of
two technologies:
Photovoltaic (PV) systems use solar panels, either on rooftops or in
ground-mounted solar farms, converting sunlight directly into
electric power.
Concentrated solar power (CSP, also known as "concentrated solar
thermal") plants use solar thermal energy to make steam, that is
thereafter converted into electricity by a turbine.
DIFFERENT TYPES of PV PANELS
BASIC COMPONENTS OF A HOME SOLAR
POWER SYSTEM
Concentrated Solar Power

Concentrated solar power (CSP),

also called "concentrated solar
thermal", uses lenses or mirrors
and tracking systems to focus a
large area of sunlight into a small
beam. Contrary to photovoltaics
which converts light directly into
electricity CSP uses the heat of
the sun's radiation to generate
electricity from conventional
steam-driven turbines.

Parabolic Troughs
A wide range of concentrating technologies exists:
among the best known are

1. the parabolic trough,

2. the Stirling dish,
3. the solar power tower and
4. Fresnel reflector

Various techniques are used to track the sun and focus light. In all of
these systems a working fluid is heated by the concentrated
sunlight, and is then used for power generation or energy
storage Thermal storage efficiently allows up to 24-hour electricity
generation
 Parabolic Troughs
A parabolic trough consists of a linear
parabolic reflector that concentrates light
onto a receiver positioned along the
reflector's focal line.
The receiver is a tube positioned right
above the middle of the parabolic mirror
and is filled with a working fluid.
The reflector is made to follow the sun
during daylight hours by tracking along a
single axis.
Parabolic trough systems provide the best
land-use factor of any solar technology.
The SEGS plants in California and
Acciona's Nevada Solar One near Boulder
City, Nevada are representatives of this
technology
Compact Linear Fresnel Reflector
Technology

Compact Linear Fresnel Reflectors are

CSP-plants which use many thin mirror
strips instead of parabolic mirrors to
concentrate sunlight onto two tubes
with working fluid.

This has the advantage that flat mirrors

can be used which are much cheaper
than parabolic mirrors, and that more
reflectors can be placed in the same
amount of space, allowing more of the
available sunlight to be used.

Concentrating linear Fresnel reflectors

can be used in either large or more
compact plants.
 STIRLING DISH
The Stirling solar dish combines a
parabolic concentrating dish with
a Stirling engine which normally
drives an electric generator.

The advantages of Stirling solar over

photovoltaic cells are higher
efficiency of converting sunlight into
electricity and longer lifetime.

Parabolic dish systems give the

highest efficiency among CSP
technologies.
A SOLAR TOWER
A solar power tower uses
an array of tracking
reflectors (heliostats) to
concentrate light on a
central receiver atop a
tower.

Power towers are more cost

effective, offer higher
efficiency and better energy
storage capability among
CSP technologies.

The PS10 Solar Power

Plant and PS20 solar power
plant are examples of this
technology.
Solar Energy Falling over
INDIA(kWh/m2 )
WIND ENERGY
Wind power is a good source of electricity
because it is a renewable source and is
constantly replenishing itself.

Interesting Wind Energy Facts:

Wind mills date all the way back to the
year 2000 BC where they were used in
China.
One wind turbine could power up to 500
homes.
 What is Wind Energy?
Wind refers to the movement of air from
high pressure areas to low pressure areas.
Wind is caused by uneven heating of the
earths surface by the sun. Hot air rises up and
cool air flows in to take its place.
Winds will always exist as long as solar
energy exists and people will be able to
harness the energy from till then.
CONSTRUCTION OF A
WIND TURBINE

1. Tower and Foundation

2. Column
3. Nacelle with drive train
4. Rotor Blades
5. Hub
6. Generator

Almost all large wind turbines have the

same design a horizontal axis wind
turbine having an upwind rotor with three
blades, attached to a nacelle on top of a tall
tubular tower.
 WIND ENERGY BASICS
1 P= Wind Power
P AV 3
2
Wind speed(V): The amount of energy in the wind varies with the cube of
the wind speed, in other words, if the wind speed doubles, there is eight
times more energy in the wind . Small changes in wind speed have a large
impact on the amount of power available in the wind .
Density of the air() : The more dense the air, the more energy received by
the turbine. Air density varies with elevation and temperature. Air is less
dense at higher elevations than at sea level, and warm air is less dense than
cold air. All else being equal, turbines will produce more power at lower
elevations and in locations with cooler average temperatures.
Swept area of the turbine(A):The larger the swept area (the size of the area
through which the rotor spins), the more power the turbine can capture
from the wind. Since swept area is , where r = radius of the rotor, a small
increase in blade length results in a larger increase in the power available
to the turbine.
How it is Done?
Wind
turbines convert the
energy in wind to
electricity by rotating
propeller-like blades
around a rotor.

The rotor turns the

drive shaft, which
turns an electric
generator.

Three key factors

affect the amount of
energy a turbine can
harness from the
wind: wind speed, air
density, and swept
area
 WIND FARMS
A wind farm is a group of wind
turbines in the same location used for
production of electric power.
A large wind farm may consist of several
hundred individual wind turbines
distributed over an extended area, but the
land between the turbines may be used for
agricultural or other purposes.
For example, Gansu Wind Farm, the
largest wind farm in the world, has several
thousand turbines. A wind farm may also
be located offshore.
In a wind farm, individual turbines are
interconnected with a medium voltage
(often 34.5 kV), power collection system
and communications network
 Wind Farm Development

Siting a wind farm varies from one location to another, but

there are some important matters for land owners to consider:
Understand your wind resource
Evaluate distance from existing transmission lines
Determine benefits of and barriers to allowing your land to be developed
Establish access to capital
Identify reliable power purchaser or market
Address siting and project feasibility considerations
Understand wind energys economics
Obtain zoning and permitting expertise
Establish dialogue with turbine manufacturers and project developers
Secure agreement to meet O&M needs
OFFSHORE WIND FARMS

Offshore wind power refers to the construction of wind

farms in large bodies of water to generate electric power.

These installations can utilize the more frequent and

powerful winds that are available in these locations and
have less aesthetic impact on the landscape than land
based projects.

However, the construction and the maintenance costs are

considerably higher.
Collection and Distribution
 ADVANTAGES OF WIND POWER:
1. The wind is free and with modern technology it can be captured efficiently.

2. Once the wind turbine is built the energy it produces does not cause green house
gases or other pollutants.

3. Although wind turbines can be very tall each takes up only a small plot of land.
This means that the land below can still be used. This is especially the case in
agricultural areas as farming can still continue.

4. Many people find wind farms an interesting feature of the landscape.

5. Remote areas that are not connected to the electricity power grid can use wind
turbines to produce their own supply.

6. Wind turbines have a role to play in both the developed and third world.

7. Wind turbines are available in a range of sizes which means a vast range of
people and businesses can use them. Single households to small towns and villages
 DISADVANTAGES OF WIND POWER:
1. The strength of the wind is not constant and it varies from zero to storm
force. This means that wind turbines do not produce the same amount of
electricity all the time. There will be times when they produce no electricity at
all.
2. Many people feel that the countryside should be left untouched, without
these large structures being built. The landscape should left in its natural form
for everyone to enjoy.
3. Wind turbines are noisy. Each one can generate the same level of noise as a
family car travelling at 70 mph.
4. Many people see large wind turbines as unsightly structures and not pleasant
or interesting to look at. They disfigure the countryside and are generally ugly.
5. When wind turbines are being manufactured some pollution is produced.
Therefore wind power does produce some pollution.
6. Large wind farms are needed to provide entire communities with enough
electricity. For example, the largest single turbine available today can only
provide enough electricity for 475 homes, when running at full capacity. How
many would be needed for a town of 100 000 people?
Comparing SOLAR and WIND Energy
THANKYOU!