Final final disease list

rabies
Agent- rhabodoviridae lysaavirus rabies virus -rna
Symptoms- pain itching wound sight, fever, headache anorexia,
hydrophobia, ddisorientation, paralysis, hallucinations palarysis,
respiratory paralysis encephalitis, furious hyperactive, paralytic
virulence factors-
Pathogenesis- bite wound aerosalized, muslces to central
nervous system to saliva, 20-90 day incubation 5days to a year,
Differentials-
Transmission- bite wound, lick (saliva), racoons skunks bats,
saliva transmission, 55k deaths annually, 17k in india, 10k post
exposure vaccination 30-50% are less then 15 years old.
Characteristics-
Resistance-
Treatment- immunoglobulin, post exposure prophalaxis
Diagnosis- quickly wash the bite with soap and water, ethanol,
PCR saliva, Aa in spinal fluid, antigens in biopsy of nerves at base
of neck follicles
Complications- 100% fatal without early treatment.
 Strep throats
Agent- strep pyogenes
Symptoms- swollen lymph nodes, abscesses on tonsils, fever
malaise, headache
virulence factors- M protein: estabilize complement to block
opsinization
Pathogenesis-
Differentials-
Transmission- cough 3-5 day incubation, infectious 2 days
post antibiotics 20% carrier rate winter.
Characteristics-
Resistance-
Treatment- penicillin amoxicillin
Diagnosis- clinical insufficient, group A hemolytic required,
Complications- larygitis bronchitis, scarlet fever, strawberry
tongue, 15-20$ death untreated, rheumatic fever
autoimmune vs heat valve3.
 Diptheria
Agent- corynebacterium diptheriae
Symptoms- gradual onset sore throat, fever, difficulty
swallowing, discharge at back of throat, sticky, it rips the
skin off if pulled off, closes off throat and sufficates child
virulence factors-
Pathogenesis- Ab type toxin
Differentials-
Transmission- normal flora, urinary, respiratoy tract, human
is only host, 20-30% fatal day 1 treatment 1 percent day 20
20%
Characteristics-
Resistance-
Treatment- penicillin or erythromycin, penicillin, antitoxin
first (critical), trachiostomy, vaccine possible
Diagnosis- clinical, gram positive,
Complications-
 Bacterial pneumonia
Agent- strep pneumonia 60-85%
Symptoms- fever dry cough (blood), congestion, chest pain,
short rapid breathing
virulence factors- cbpa adhesion binds to pulmonay epithelial
cells and nasopharynx, Pspa inhibits opsinization
Pathogenesis- throat- inside alveolar cells- cells leak plasma
EBC to lung congestion and inflammation
Differentials-
Transmission- normal flora 75% of population, previous
damage from flu or immunocompromised (alcoholism)
Characteristics-
Resistance-
Treatment-
Diagnosis- cliniccal, dipplococci, serological, panicillin
vancomycin, two vaccines one for kids one for adults
Complications- 10-20 % mortality from invasive form. 14%
from meningitis
Walking pneumonia, primary atypical
pneumonia
Agent- mycoplasm pneumoniae
Symptoms- fever, headache, sore throat, unproductive
cough, symptoms last up to 1 month
virulence factors-
Pathogenesis-
Differentials-
Transmission-
Characteristics- no cell wall even though it is gram positive,
outbreak in summer
Resistance- penicclin
Treatment- erythromycin tetracycline, infectious for long
periods
Diagnosis- clinical
Complications-meningitis
 Anthrax disease
Agent- Bacillus Anthrasis (B. cereus, lesser extent B subtilis and B
licheniformis associated with bacteremia/ septicemia, endocarditis, meningitis and infections of ears, eyes
UTI, URTI, GI)
Cutaneous- seldom fatal most common, common on head, neck, forearms and hands 1) 1-7 (or 1-12 so
variable) day after exposure infection develops, raised itchy bump transitions to painless sore with black in center,
swelling in sore and lymph node glands near by. 20% of people with it may die but with treatment almost all survive.
Symptoms: Fever Malaise, headache, lymph glands swell, From infected animals, cuts, wool hides, hairs of infected animals

Gastrointestinal- usually from raw or undercooked meat, anthrax spores develop and effect throat,
esophagus, stomach and intestines. Without treatment more then half die. With treatment 60% survive.
Symptoms-fever, chills, swelling of neck glands, sore throat, painful swallowing, hoarseness, nausea vomiting (some
bloody), diarrhea (regular or bloody), headache, flushing, fainting, swelling abdomen, red face, red eyes (weird)

Pulmonary- most lethal with 75% chance of death while antibiotics increase chances. Incubation 1-7 days but
could be up to 60. Initially looks like influenza (mild fever, mild fever, muscle aches or fatigue) developing into severe
breathing problems with shock and meningitis.
Symptoms- fever, chills, chest discomfort, shortness of breath, confusion and dizziness, cough, nausea, vomiting
stomach pain, headache, sweats (drenching) tiredness, body aches.

Differentials: Viral pneumonia, Meningitis, diphtheria,

Locations-(CDC) rare in united states, common in agricultural regions of Central and South America,
sub-Saharan Africa, central and southwestern Asia, southern and eastern Europe, Caribbean

Characteristics- Gram positive +, endospore creating, rod-shaped bacteria, survives in extreme

environments for decades or centuries, Very virulent,

Resistance-some resistance to antibiotics, when in spore form can survive indefinitely

Treatment- Antibiotics, antitoxin
 Anclyostoma duodenale necator

americana
Agent-

Symptoms-

Differentials-
Locations-
Transmission- adults in intestine
Characteristics- from us to poop to soil to skin to blood
through body to intestine then they have sexual
reproduction. Anticoagulate feed on blood, heavy infestation
200ml of blood a day.
Resistance-
Diagnosis by egg or signs and symptoms fecal analysis
Treatment-
 African Sleeping sickness
Agent- Trypanosoma Brucei Gambiense (HAT) Human African Trypanosomiasis

Symptoms- Fever, severe headaches, irritability, EXTREME fatigue, swollen lymph nodes, aching muscles and
joints,
skin rash on trunk, shoulders, buttocks and thighs (erythematous).
Chancre develops around area infected (bitten by tsetse fly), chancre may reach large diameter of several
centimeter,
transient edema on face hands or feet, Lymph nodes around cervical region especially discernable,
Tachycardia, shuffling gait, slurred speech, tremors, hypertonia. Is a CNS disease ending in eventual coma and death.

Differentials: Parkinson's symptoms (others in notes on bottom of slide its a long list)
Locations- West and central Africa, primarily in Rural populations
Transmission- Via tsetse fly salivary glands through bite, rarely between mammals via bodily fluid
transmission.

Characteristics- variable surface glycoprotein coats which give them persistent evasion of host
adaptive immunity, can cross blood brain barrier, current
Resistance- difficult and prolonged treatment, occasional drug resistance involved, current treatments are
sometimes fatal to patients.

Treatment- Antibiotics treatment but no cure, need serial examinations of cerebralspinal fluid for 2
years, drugs can be fatal
 Plague (black plague)
Agent- Yersinia Pestis (zoonotic in small animals and fleas)

Bubonic- enters through bite of infected flea, through lymphatic system to nearest lymph node, replicating and enlarging the node with is
painful and tense (called a bubo)
Symptoms-fever, headache, chills, weakness, swollen lymph nodes

Septicemic- Occurs when infection of plague spreads through blood stream without forming a bubo
Symptoms- fever, chills, extreme weakness, abdominal pain, shock, bleeding into skin and organs, skin or tissues my turn black and die (may occur as
first symptoms or from untreated bubonic plague)

Pneumonic- most virulent and least common, mostly caused by the spread of bubonic plague to the lungs. However someone with
secondary pneumonic plague and spread it via aerosolized droplets.
Symptoms- fever, headaches, weakness, pneumonia, shortness of breath, chest pain, cough, bloody or watery mucous, can cause respiratory failure or
shock, is only type spread from person to person (important) frothy bloody cough

2-3 day incubation

Differentials- Necrotizing Fasciitis, pneumonia, scarlet fever, septic shock, rocky mountain spotted fever, tick borne zoonotic
diseases

Locations- epidemic in Africa, former soviet union, Americas and Asia. Most recently it has occurred in Africa with 3 most endemic
countries being Madagascar, Congo and Peru.

Characteristics- gram negative, rod shaped, coccobacillus, anaerobic

incubation of 3-7 days

Resistance- susceptible to drugs against gram negative bacteria especially Streptomycin

Treatment- antibiotics (streptomycin) left untreated disease will progess to pneumonic

 Bacterial Vaginosis (there is not often vulvovaginal irritation
hence Vaginosis not vaginitis)

Agent- Gardnerella verginalis

Symptoms- vaginal discharge, vaginal irritation, fish like odor, many are
asymptomatic, itching, burning, burning when urinating.

Differentials- herpes simplex, candidiasis, herpes simplex, Vaginitis

Locations- World Wide
Transmission- nominally normal flora in vagina but infection is caused by
imbalance between good and bad bacteria. Could be due to having a
new sex partner or multiple or douching. Having BV increases chances
of gatting an STD.
Characteristics- gram variable due thin wall (but is positive) facultative
anarobic bacteria, rod shaped, most common vaginal infection in women
ages 15-44. effects 16% of women, Normally the vaginal tract has a low
pH (3.5-4.5) to protect against pathogens,
Resistance- not resistant to antibiotics
Treatment- sometimes goes away without treatment, antibiotic
treatment
 Chicken Pox
Agent- Varicella- Zoster virus (VZV)

Symptoms- rash itching, tiredness fever (dangerous for those with weakened immune
systems, can complicate into pneumonia or encephalitis, Rash appears first on trunk and face and
can spread to cover the whole bod ( erythematous rash),

Differentials- Herpes simplex, Impetigo, smallpox, Syphilis

Locations- World wide
Transmission- Via air through coughing and sneezing, touching particles from blisters
Characteristics- is one o f eight herpes viruses known to infect human, after infection lays
dormant in dorsal root ganglia, viruses do not test gram negative or positive. Usually outbreaks in late
winter early spring, 14-15 day incubation period

Resistance- there is a vaccine for it 25% of people vaccinated may still develop disease
Treatment- Vaccine, antiviral drugs help with severity, dont give children aspirin with chicken
pox because it results is Reyes syndrome
 Cat flea typhus
Agent- Rickettsia felis

Symptoms- sudden fever, non itchy rash on palms and feet after
spreading from trunk on day 5. Pain from bite, pain from a bite, no
scabby surface on bite, muculopapular rash, tachycardia, fever,
crackles in lung. Lethargy, joint pain. Rash on trunk. Difficulty
breathing.

Differentials-
Locations-
World wide
Transmission-
Characteristics- ;obligate intracellular parasitic bacterium, gram
negative
Resistance-some antibiotics
Treatment- Doxycycline (apicoplast), Chloramphenicol
 Cholera
Agent- Vibrio Cholerae

Symptoms- extremely virulent, can kill within hours, 75 percent of people

infected dont develop symptoms, bacteria present in feces for 7-14 days.
80% have mild to moderate symptoms, 20% develop acute watery diarrhea
with severe dehydration.
Symptoms- Vomitting, rapid heart rate, loss of skin elasticity, dry
mucous membranes, low blood pressure, thirst, muscle cramps,
irritability. Rice water diarrhea
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera#/media/File:Cholera_feces.jpg)

Differentials- Escherichia coli infections, gastroenteritis, Rotavirus

Locations- Africa, Southeast Asia, Haiti, Dominican republic, Central Africa,
Papua New Guinea
Transmission- Usually transmission is through secretions by infected and
inadequate sanitation of location, so the disease spreads through feces and
then through the water
Characteristics- symptoms start 2 hours to 5 days after exposure, gram
negative, non spore forming, oxidase positive, anaerobe
Resistance- not resistant, vaccines are available, hydration used in
conjunction with antibiotics.
 CLM
Agent-ancylostoma braziliense (swimmers itch) hook worms

Symptoms-

Differentials-
Locations-
Transmission- through the skin, through the soil
Characteristics- zoonotic, barefoot, playing in dirty, they
migrate through skin. Aimlessly wander (in wrong host), red
itchy blotchy trails, you can see them moving. Can take
place for weeks to months, can go into muscles and them
emerge.
Resistance-
Treatment- supportive, thyobendazole ointment.
Coccidioidomycosis or Valley Fever
Agent- coccidioides immitis, coccidioides posadasii

Symptoms- fatigue, fever, cough, shortness of breath, night sweats, muscle aches, rash on
upper body or legs

Differentials- lung cancer, lung abcess, lymphoma

Locations- lives in soil in southwestern United States, parts of Mexico, central and south
America, recently in south central washington.

Transmission- breath in spores from air in locations with fungus

Characteristics- fungus, most dont get sick, those who are immunocompremised are at a
high risk as well as pregnant women people who are black, Filipino, or have diabetes. Form
endospores in host

Resistance- low resistance to antifungal medication

Treatment- antifungal treatment, symptoms usually go away after a few months.
 C Diff infection
Agent- Clostridium Difficile

Symptoms- watery diarrhea up to 15 times each day, severe abdominal pain, loss of appetite,
fever, blood or pus in stool, weight loss, bloating. can lead to hole in intestines which can be fatal.
Patients can develop the disease within weeks of starting antibiotics or after antibiotic therapy has
stopped

Differentials- Crohn disease, shigellosis, ulcerative colitis, diverticulitis, IBS, Salmonellosis

Locations- worldwide, hospitals
Transmission- bacteria are found in spores in feces, can get infected if touch feces and then
ingest. Or by taking antibiotics and killing normal gut bacteria

Characteristics- spore forming bacteria, releases toxins, growing problem in health care
facilities, gram positive, optimum growth in absence of oxygen, under stress bacteria form spores
which protect them.

Resistance - probiotics, fluids, oral antibiotics

Treatment- antibiotics
 Dengue fever
Agent- Flaviviridae flavivirus

Dengue fever symptoms- sudden high fever, severe headache,

muscle, joint pains, skin rash, an progress into dengue hemorrhagic fever,
pain behind eyes, nausea, nose bleed, bleeding gums, easy bruising,
petechiae
Dengue hemorrhagic fever symptoms- bleeding, low levels of
blood platelets, blood plasma leakage, shock occurs two to six days after
start of symptoms, weak pulse, petechiae

Differentials- influenza, malaria, typhus, yellow fever, meningitis,

hepatitis
Locations- Southeast Asia, Southern China, Taiwan, Indian subcontinent,
Pacific islands, Caribbean, Mexico, Africa, Central South America
Transmission- by mosquitoes (or ticks)
Characteristics- closely connected to yellow fever and west Nile virus
Resistance- no vaccines,
Treatment- supportive treatment
 Diphtheria
Agent- Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Symptoms- swollen cervical lymph nodes, thick grey

membrane covering throat and tonsils, sore throat and
hoarseness, rapid breathing, difficulty breathing, nasal
discharge, fever, chills, malaise.

Differentials- septic shock, pharyngitis, epiglottitis

Locations- world wide, not common in industrialized
countires
Transmission- airborne droplets, contaminated personal
items, touching infected wound
Characteristics- gram positive, nonmotile, rod shaped
Resistance- there is a widely used vaccine
Treatment- antibiotics, penicillin.
 Enterovirus D68
Agent- Picornaviridae enterovirus D68

Symptoms- fever, runny nose, sneezing, cough body and muscle aches,
wheezing, difficulty breathing, almost exclusively respiratory illness,
pneumonia, reduced alertness, reduction in urine production, skin rashes,
may lead to respiratory failure

Differentials-botulism, herpes simplex, lyme disease, pharyngitis, rocky

mountain spotted fever
Locations- world wide upswing
Transmission- feces, blister fluid, close contact, fluids
Characteristics- polio like, children less then 5 years old with asthma are
most at risk. Virus so no gram staining, targets young
Resistance- is resistant to antiviral treatment and drugs
Treatment- symptomatic treatment, most recover while some need to be
hospitalized, new treatment options with antivirals may become an option in
the future
 Histolytica- amoebic dysentary
Agent-entamoeba histolytica

Symptoms- acute- frequent diarrheam necrotic mucosa, abdominal pain.

Chronic- diarrhea with blood and mucous (bloody diarrhea), invade into
lungs, brain and body. Abcesses in intestine wall. Naturally forms ulcers,
peritonitis, perforation, ameboma.
Complications: perferation (peritonitis) cardiac failure and dehydration.
Liver lung and brain abscess.
Diagnosis- blood and mucus in stool, trophs/ stool, trophs with ingested
RBCs. Elisa test, antigen test, colonoscopy. DONT USE STEROIDS
Differentials- malaria, anemia
Locations-
Transmission-
Characteristics- 50% of world has this organism, highest in
underdeveloped countries (1-3% of US population). Human is principle
host. Proteases to break down microvili in intestine and burrow into
submucosa and spread via capilaries.
Resistance-
incubation- 2 days to months
Treatment- good sanitation and personal hygene, treatment
 Gonorrhea
Agent- Neisseria gonorrhea

Symptoms- half of women do not have symptoms, others have vaginal

discharge lower abdominal pain or pain with intercourse. Men have
inflammation of the penile urethra, burning sensation while urinating,
discharge from penis is the most common symptom

Differentials- syphilis, rheumatic fever, hepatitis, systemic lupus

erythematosus (SLE) meningococcemia
Locations- world wide
Transmission- sexually transmitted
Characteristics- gram negative, bean shaped, diplococci,
Resistance- resistent to penicillin, some strains are antibiotic resistent,
but there are antibiotic treatments with varying doses
 Giardiasis
Agent-Giardia lamblina

Symptoms-flatulence foul smelling, fatty stools, watery diarrhea, rarely

blood. Associated with b12 malabsorption, weightloss
Diagnosis- lack of PMN leukocytes, no high neutrophil, lack of high fever,
cysts in stool, trophs in duodenal aspirate, Ag tests on fecal samples.
Differentials-
Incubation- 6 to 20 days
Transmission- fecal oral (2%-8% in developed, 33% in developing), food or
water, 10 billion shed a day and ID is 10. animal exposure from wild animal,
gay sex,
Characteristics- flagellated protazoan, 12-15um, multiple flagella, cyst
form, oval and 4 nuclei cyst 1-2 smaller um. Any time unfavorable things
occur they change to cyst. The cyst is infective to us. Makes it back to
duodenum and you become infected, tolerant of chlorine. Most common
intestinal disease in US. Most common water borne disease.
Reservoir is beaver, pig, monkey and other wildlife.
Resistance-
Treatment- boil or filter drinking water, treat with metronidizale tinidazole
nitazoxanide, paromycin, quincrine, furazolidone, fenbendazole, vaccine
for dogs
 Lyme Disease
Agent- Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto in america, Borrelia
afzelii and garinii in europe and asia

Symptoms- red expanding rash, fatigue chills headache, muscle and joints
ache, swollen lymph nodes, bulls eye rash, swelling in joints, loss of muscle
tone on face (one or both sides) shooting pains, heart palpitations.
Late disseminated stage (months to years post tick) intermittent
arthritis, severe joint pain and swelling, chronic neurological complaints
including tingling and numbness in hands or feet, problems with short term
memory and

Differentials- insect bites, tick borne disease, chronic fatigue syndrome

Locations- eastern United States and varies small areas across united
states. Found throughout the world now
Transmission-
Characteristics- risk for developing the disease increases the longer the
tick is connected to the body
Resistance- no vaccine but can be fought with antibiotics
Treatment- antibiotics
 Leishmaniasis
Agent- Leishmani Spp (parasite)

Symptoms- can be cutaneous- silent infection, sores on the skin,

sores can change in appearance or size starting as bumps and ending as
ulcers, swollen glands near sores.
Viceral- can have silent infection like cutaneous, fever, weight loss,
swelling of spleen, abnormal blood tests, low blood counts, anemia,
leukpenia, thrombocytopenia. Effects bone marrow spleen and liver.

Differentials- impetigo, leprosy, malaria, syphilis, tularemia, typhoid,

Locations- Asia, Middle East, Africa, North africa, southern Europe,
Australia, Pacific islands
Transmission- spread from the bite of infected sand flies
Characteristics- parasite, from certain types of sandflies. Round bodies
and a small rod shaped kinetoplast
Resistance- cryotherapy, local heat therapy, supportive care, some
countries does have vaccines with varying effectiveness.
 Leprosy
Agent- Mycobacterium leprae, Mycobacterium lepromatosis

Symptoms- growths on the skin, thick, stiff dry skin, severe

pain, numbness of skin, enlarged nerves, nosebleeds, ulcers
on soles of feet, affects nerves, loss of sensation can lead to
other injuries, secondary infections can result in tissue loss.

Differentials- dermatitis, lymphoma, lupus vulgaris, psoriasis,

Leishmaniasis
Locations- Angola, Brazil, Central African Republic, India,
Madagascar, Nepal, Tanzania
Transmission- in contact with people with leprosy, 95% of all
adults are naturally unable to get the disease.
Characteristics- acid-fast, rod-shaped bacillus
Mycobacterium leprae
Resistance- some resistance to drugs
Treatment- multidrug regimen
 LCMV
Agent- Arenaviridae

Symptoms- may be asymptomatic, one to two week onset

after exposure

Differentials- Enteroviruses
Locations- united states
Transmission- house mouse, inhalation of aerosolized
particles of urine feces or saliva
Characteristics- zoonotic, virus
Resistance- resistent to drugs, no vaccine in circulation
Treatment- requires hospitalization and supportive treatment
with different anti inflammatory drugs.
 Malaria
Agent- Plasmodium Vivax, P. Ovale, P Malariae

Symptoms- fever chills, headache, sweats, fatigue, nausea,

vomiting, appears in cycles, enlarged spleen, muscle pain,
dry cough

Differentials-
Locations- middle east, South America, Africa, India, South
Asia
Transmission- mosquito
Characteristics- Parasite, can lay dormant for months,
protozoan, mostly by female mosquito
Resistance- can be treated with varies drugs
Treatment- Supported care, drugs
Incubation period: 7-30 days
 Meningitis Viral
Agent- Viral Meningitis: variety of causative agents (e.g.
enteroviruses, herpesviridae, HIV, West Nile virus, LCMV)

Symptoms- Fever, irritability, lethargy, sensitivity to bright light, stiff

neck, sleepiness, nausea, headache, vomiting

Differentials- Brain neoplasms, herpes simplex, brain abscess

Locations- world wide
Transmission- If you are in close contact with someone that is infected,
you can develop it as a complication of an illness
Characteristics-
Resistance- resistant to vaccines
Treatment- no specific treatment most recover on own within 7-10 days,
may benefit from antiviral medication, most require hospitalization.
 MRSA
Agent-Staphylococcus aureus (usually)

Symptoms- can appear as a red bump pimple or boil, tender

swollen, cellulitis, red, swollen skin, abscesses, carbuncle,
bone infections, penumonia, deep tissue infections and
abscesses.

Differentials- toxic shock syndrome, impetigo, burns,

bacteremia
Locations- world wide
Transmission- spread by contact, is carried by 2 % of
population though most aren't infected. Infections appear
around surgical wounds or invasive devices.
Characteristics- can be zoonotic
Resistance- strains have become resistant to antibiotics
Treatment- most can be treated with slightly antibiotics,
supportive care, drain the infection.
 Necrotizing Fasciitis
Agent- Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus

Symptoms- dying tissue, increasing pain in area around cut,

redness and warmth around wound, flu like symptoms,
dehydration, sweling, purplish rash, violet colored marks,
discoloration, tissue death (gangrene)

Differentials- cellulitis, hernias, toxic shock syndrome, gas gangrene

Locations- world wide
Transmission- rarely spread person to person, bacteria enter through
break in skin, most infected have other health problems
Characteristics- rare, challenging surgical infections, loss of limb or life
is common. Confusing symptoms
Resistance- slight resistance to antibiotics
Treatment- Strong antibiotics, rapid removal or dead tissue
 PAM
Agent-Naegleria fowleri

Symptoms- get into brain and replicate, severe swelling in

brain,

Differentials-
Locations- water, common in muslim countries with water
cleansing ritual
Transmission- lakes, swimming pools and hot springs,
common in warm months. IF they get forced up the nose can
climb up olfactory nerves up to brain.
Characteristics- 97% mortality rate, really like warm temps,
survive up to high temps
Resistance- yes
Treatment- hard to treat. Miltophosin, aggressive
management of brain swelling (35 cases in US in last 10
years)
 Pertussis
Agent- Bordetella pertussis

Symptoms- like common cold, fever, cough followed by

extremely severe coughing lasting for months. High pitch
whoop sound. Upper respiratory distress

Differentials- asthma, bronchiolitis, Chlamydial infections

Locations- world wide 95% in developing countries
Transmission- direct contact, inhalation of airborne particles
Characteristics- extremely dangerous for children, gram
negative, throat cilia destroyed.
Resistance- vaccines work
Treatment- supported care, antibiotics, should be caught
early
 Rabies
Agent- Lyssavirus Rhabdoviridae
Symptoms- (affects brain stem and cerebellum) irritability,
agitation, confusion, abnormal thoughts, aggressiveness,
hallucinations, excessive salivation, difficulty swallowing,
fear of water, insomnia, vomiting.

Differentials- Herpes simplex, tetanus, encephalitis

Locations-
Transmission- from skunks, foxes, coyotes, dogs, and bats
vector varies by location
Characteristics- cylindrical in shape, zoonotic, 100% death
rate without treatment.
Resistance- vaccine, needs to be treated immedietly after
being bitten. The number of people to survive can be
counted on one hand
 Salmonellosis
Agent- Salmonella bongori, enterica

Symptoms- Nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea,

fever, chills, headache, blood in stool.

Differentials- cyclospora, shigellosis, Yersinia enterocolitica

Locations- world wide
Transmission- found in food products like eggs and beef and
shrimp, cross contamination with infected food and other
food
Characteristics- rod shaped bacillus bacteria, zoonotic
Resistance- some resistance to antibiotics
Treatment- hydration, antibiotics, anti-diarrheals
 Shigellosis
Agent- Shigella

Symptoms-fever, vomiting, dehydration, abdominal cramping,

acute watery bloody diarrhea, urgency

Differentials- cholera, Crohns disease, salmonellosis, E. Coli,

typhus, C Diff
Locations- world wide
Transmission- through direct person to food or person to person
contact or through contaminated food, water or fomites, only
humans and higher primates carry it.
Characteristics- food poisoning, children in daycare, incarcerated
persons, homosexual men, those immunocompremised are at
increased risk, gram negative, rod shaped
Sequelae: HUS, DIC, Reiter syndrome
Treatment- antibiotic treatment (rare), rehydration, supportive,
dont use antidiarrheal treatments (if you seal up the bacteria the
toxins concentrate)
 Syphilis
Agent-Treponema Pallidum

Symptoms- four stages

1st- chancre develops 3-90 days after initial exposure, non itchy firm, painless
ulceration. Lymph node enlargement.
2nd-4-10 weeks after primary infection, symmetrical reddish pink rash on trunk
and extremities, may form whitish wart like lesions, all of these are infectious,
fever, sore throat, weight loss, kidney disease, hair loss, inflammation, joint
inflammation, general inflammation. (palms and feet rash
3rd proof of infection without symptoms, can have relapse of previous
symptoms, not as contagious
4th, Tertiary- may occur 3-30 years after initial infection, without treatment a
third of people with syphilis develop tertiary disease, leads to many central
nervous system problems and neurological disorders. Latent

Differentials- UTI, Varicella zoster, HIV

Locations- world wide
Transmission- sexual contact, can also happen at birth (through fluid or lesions)
Resistance-easy to treat with penicillin
Treatment- penicillin, Treatment will not undo any damage that the infection
has already caused,
 Strep throat
Agent-streptococcus pyogenes (group A strep)
Symptoms- Throat pain, difficulty swallowing, red swollen
tonsils, tiny red spots on soft palate, fever, headache, stomach
aches (sometimes vomiting in young children), swollen lymph
nodes on the neck, body aches or rash, disease found with
strep test, sometimes negative results are still treated.

Differentials-bacteremia, impetigo, Pneumonia

Locations- world wide
Transmission- Spread via droplets after an infected person
sneezes or when bacteria from nose are spread to another
person. Usually transferred via aerosolization.
Characteristics- gram positive, beta- hemolysis, morality rate is
0.1 % for diseases caused by streptococcus pyogenes
Resistance- none yet
Treatment- Antbiotics
 Tetanus
Agent- Clostridium tetani

Symptoms-spasms, stiffness in jaw and neck, painful body

spasms triggered by minor occurrences, fever, sweating,
elevated blood pressure, rapid heart rate.

Differentials- willow spider bite, hemorrhagic stroke,

meningitis
Locations- world wide
Transmission- after a cut you can easily aquire it from the
soil or elsewhere as it is widespread in the environment
Characteristics- anaerobic gram positive box like bacteria.
Resistance- easily prevented with vaccine
Treatment- vaccine, supportive treatment.
 Typhoid fever
Agent- Salmonella Typhi

Symptoms-first week fever rises slowly, brachycarida, malaise,

bloody nose, headache and cough
second week- high fever bradycardia, delirium, rose spots appear
on abdomen, diarrhea, green pea soup looking diarrhea,
characteristic smell, major symptom is fever
third week- intestinal hemorrhage, intestinal perforations,
metastatic abscesses, platelet count down while risk of bleeding
rises, very high fever, 1/3rd rash on trunk

Differentials-
Locations- underdeveloped countries but world wide
Transmission- poor hygiene, water and contaminated food, shed
in feces
Characteristics- gram negative, aerobic, rod shaped, flagellated
Resistance- not resistant
Treatment- antibiotic therapy
 Toxoplasmosis
Agent-Taxoplasma gondii

Symptoms-Cats are asymptomatic, is in intestinal lesions. All other hosts dont have the intestinal phase
and it moves through the body. They know they are in the wrong host (assexual reproduction in people).
Other hosts:
acute: swollen painful lymph nodes, fever headache muscle pain, anemia, dyspnea-rarely causes death
Subacute- spreads (liver, lungs, kidney heart, eyes and brain.
Chronic- host immunity host them at bay for years even, traumatic immunosypressing happens and then
the zoites release and then you get a massive reponse, paralysis, epilepsy, blindness.
Congential- worst damage to fetus in first trimester most neonatal are asymptomatic (greatest damage in
third trimester) can cause diability or death in newborns 45% transmission rate in placenta. Those that get
in 60% no signs 9% in death 30 % severe damage (retardation) later in life the 60% can become active.

Life cycle- rodent gets the oocyte from cat, the parasite gets into the brain causing a behavioral change to
attract the rodent to cats. This means its more likely to get eaten.
Differentials-
Transmission- Carried by feral or exotic cats as well as household pet, food borne. Undercooked beef. Most
common from undercooked beef. Pork and lamb have more but people have pink steak instead. (cat
definitive host). Flies cockroaches, earthworms can carry oocytes. Contaminated soil
Characteristics- apicoplexan protozoan, asexual and sexual reproduction stage. The cat is only place with sexual. Oocysts
are very tiny (10-12um) higer power direct smear. Cosmopolitan in human population, all animals could be infected. Leading
cause of death in foodbourne illnesses. More then 60 million asymptomatic carriers. More then 22.5 percent test positive.
42% of women (france 50%).
Resistance-
Treatment- usually seen on autopsy, IFA test, erology test for antibodies, test igG if exposed and IgM to see
the timing. PCR probes
Complications- in immunocompremised and pregnant women (in placenta)
Prevention- cook meat, wear gloves, avoid gardening, get tested, pyrimethamine and sulfamides together,
clindamycin for cats, maybe vaccine?
 Tularemia
Agent- Francisella tularensis

Symptoms- 1-14 day incubation, apparent after 3-5 days,

fever, lethargy, loss of appetite, sepsis, ulcer at primary
infection spot, enlarged lymph glands in armpit or groin,
death

Differentials- lyme disease, malaria, diphtheria, chlamydial

infections
Locations- mostly in northern hemisphere and not much
from southern hemisphere
Transmission- hares, small rodents, aquatic rodents, humans,
vectors are ticks and deer flies
Characteristics- gram negative, non motile, coccobacillus, is
a relatively rare zoonotic disease
Resistance-not resistant
Treatment- Antibiotics
 TB
Agent-Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
Symptoms- Bad cough lasting 3 weeks or longer, pain in
chest, coughing up blood or sputum, weakness, chills, fever,
weight loss.

Differentials- Pneumonia, lung abscess

Locations-
Transmission-
Characteristics- shows properties of gram positive and
negative, because it is acid-fast
Resistance- some resistance to drugs, strains that have
resistance are more expensive to treat
Treatment- antibiotics, initial phase of two months followed
by a continuation phase of 4-7 months.
 Trichinosis
Agent- trichanella spiralis

Symptoms- nasea vomitting, diarrhea, red blotchy patches on skin, 5-7 days later fever and maybe
facial or hand edema. Can be pneumonia, pleuresy, encephalitis, meningitis, nephritis, deafness,
peritonitis, brain or eye damage, subconjejunctival bleeding, hemmorrages under tongue or eye.
Myocarditis (heart problems) (common cause of death). 10 days after intense muscle pain from one
muscle to another, difficulty breathing, esophogeal muscles, masseter muslces can become weak
first. Can look like mumphs. Weak pulse low blood pressure, death due to cardiac muscle or
respiratory or kidney failure

Incubation- 12 hours to 2 days

Differentials-
Locations-
Epidemiology: common in carniverous mammals, rodents and humans, all over the wolrd
Transmission- undercooked meat, dmonestic cylce between pigs and rats. Sylvatic cycle (wild animals
especially bear).
Characteristics- frequently misdiagnosed (can be mistaken for up to 50 other diseases). Is bizare.
Largest intracellular parasite. From muscle cell to replenishing cell for parsite which are called nurse
cells. the same animal can serve as difinitive and intermediate host. 170 temp to kill all these in
meat. (internal temp), can freeze but need thin sections, clean meat grinders thuroughly.do not feed
raw meat to pig.

Resistance-
Treatment- no specific treatment, give you thyobendazole to kill adults, alnelgesic to help with pain.
Supportive. Can mimic any other disease for muscle pain
Diagnosis- found in feces, blood, milk, tears, they wander every where and are ifficult to diagnos.
Musle biopsy is best test. Immunodiagnostic test or antigen or antibody (works pretty well but you
have to look for it)
 West Nile virus
Agent- Flavivirus Flaviviridae
Symptoms- none in most people (70-80%), 1 in five will develop a fever,
headache, body aches, joint pains, vomiting, diarrhea or rash, most recover
completely. Less the 1% develop neurologic symptoms like encephalitis or
meningitis, tremors, seizures, paralysis, disorientation, immunocompremised
individuals are more at risk, 10 percent who have severe symptoms die.

Differentials- MS, polio

Locations- across the US mostly centered in areas where high quantities of
mosquitos are active. Global
Transmission- mosquitos but can be transferred by those who dont show
symptoms through blood transfusion, organ transplants, from mother to baby
through birth. It is not a casually transferred disease.
Characteristics- zoonotic, invasive, first case in USA in New
York, main vector is mosquitos
Resistance- yes due to viral form.
Treatment- supportive care
 Undulant fever/ Brucellosis
Agent- Brucella

Symptoms- headache, pain in muscles, fatigue, anorexia,

sweats, fever (initial), arthritis, recurrent fevers, swelling of
testicle and scrotum, swelling of heart, neurologic
symptoms, chronic fatigue, depression.

Differentials- pneumonia, hepatitis, influenza, malaria,

meningitis, tularemia, typhoid fever
Locations- worldwide
Transmission- drinking unpasteurized milk or dairy, through
inhalation, through skin wounds or mucous membranes
Characteristics- gram negative, nonmotile, nonspore
forming, rod shaped, can vary from months to years long
disease.
Resistance- antibiotics, death is rare.
 UTI
Agent-Escherichia coli
Symptoms- burning feeling when urinating, cloudy urine,
fever or chills, frequent urge to urinate, pain or pressure in
back or lower abdomen.
Elderly population: confusion, incontinence, sepsis

Locations- Worldwide
Transmission- catheters, blockages in urinary tract,
suppressed immune system, uncircumcised and enlarged
prostate, sexual activity, spermicide or diaphragm,
Characteristics- E. coli use fimbriae to lock into place when
rate of urine output increases causes adherence to urinary
tract
Treatment- antibiotics
 Yellow fever
Agent- Flavivirus
Symptoms-Stage 1 (infection): Headache, muscle and joint aches, fever,
flushing, loss of appetite, vomiting, and jaundice are common. Symptoms often go
away briefly after about 3 - 4 days.
Stage 2 (remission): Fever and other symptoms go away. Most people will recover
at this stage, but others may get worse within 24 hours.
Stage 3 (intoxication): Problems with many organs may occur, including theheart,
liver, and kidney. Bleeding disorders, seizures, coma, and delirium may also occur.

Differentials- ebola,
Locations- South America, sub Saharan Africa
Transmission- mosquitos
Characteristics- need to test blood with polymerase chain reaction
because it has similar symptoms to other flavivirus diseases
Resistance-yes
Treatment- no cure, intensive care, symptomatic treatment. There
is a vaccine
 Visceral larva migrans
Agent-any parasite that is fecal oral and get the fecal then you
can aquire this (cat round worm, raccoon roundworm-more for
brain)

Symptoms- depends on where it goes- fever, difficulty breathing,

high eosinophils!!!!!!!! Neurologic symptoms, brain or eye,

Differentials-
Locations-
Transmission-ingesting eggs in dirt or fecal, wanders around and
goes anywhere. Eggs can live in soil for years.
Characteristics- can survive bleach and formalin can survive
almost anything. Usally migrate the lung. 30%-80%
Resistance- some resistance
Treatment- mebendazole for humans
testing- serological testing
Prevention- treat household pets,
 Necrotizing fasciitis
Agent-aeromonas hydrophilia

Symptoms-intense pain and swelling, out of context fro size of the wound,
nails into the skin, significant symptoms. Wound looks like it is moving,
distended discolored skin, hot sunburn look, fever, nausea, malaise can
lead to organ failutre, confusion (has an effect on T cell completement)
Virulence factors- deoxycribonucleuses degrade DNA, streptokinese
disolve clots, hyalurondiase dseperates cells. Extotoxins lead to fever,
rash and t cell prolifferation b cell suppresion. Streptolysin s pore forming
cytotoxin.
Locations-
Transmission- person to person, latogenic, access to skin,
Characteristics- associated with food poisoning
Resistance- yes
Treatment- cut it out, amputation and debridement is the only way,
hypoberic oxygen can be resorative but not great. Broad spectrum
antibiotics to stop it just sendas much in as possible because we dont
know what cuased it.
Diagnosis- excessive pain
Complications- 73% death rate, chicken pox is increased risk.