REFRACTORIES

DEFINATION
The materials which is stable at high
temperature that does not experience
physical and chemical change and also not
gets fused are called refractories
GENERAL PROPERTIES
These type of materials are stable at high
temperatures and also they retain their strength at
same
As their operating environment are different, they
need to be thermal resistant ,they must be
chemically inert
Also they must be having a specific range of thermal

conductivity and coefficient of thermal expansion

depending upon their working conditions
Generally the materials used in manufacturing of

refractories are oxides of alumina, silica, magnesia

etc.
GENERAL PROPERTIES(CONT..)
Oxides of calcium(lime) are also one of the
general refractories found. Fire clays are
also used in the manufacturing of
refractories

The highest referring melting pt.

refractory is hafnium carbide with a
melting point of 39000C(approx.)
CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD
REFRACTORY
Resistance against heat
Resistance against corrosion

Should have high fusing temperature

Ability to withstand high load

Should be chemically inert

Should not undergo deformation

Uniform expansion and contraction

CLASSIFICATION OF
REFRACTORIES
The refractories are mainly classified on the basis
of chemical composition, fusion temperature,
method of manufacture
The classification is as follows:
BASED ON CHEMICAL
COMPOSITION
ACIDIC REFRACTORIES: The main element
in this type of refractory is silica which reacts
with bases such as alkalies, lime, basic oxides
etc
Also alumina(Al O ) is the main component
2 3
along with silica (SiO2)
Mostly these are used in places where the
atmosphere is acidic and these type of
refractories are stable to acid attacks but the
converse is not true
The major use of these type of refractories is
done in steel and iron industries
BASED ON CHEMICAL
COMPOSITION(CONT..)
BASIC REFRACTORIES: The key
material used in this type of refractory is
magnesia(MgO) or dolomite(MgCO3
+CaCO3) or chrome-
magnesia(Cr2O3+MgO)
This type of refractory is used in work
place which has basic
atmosphere(involving basic chemicals)
These are stable to basic attacks but they
are affected by acidic attacks
BASED ON CHEMICAL
COMPOSITION(CONT..)
NEUTRAL REFRACTORIES: These
refractories are used in areas where slag
and atmosphere is not fixed i.e. sometimes
acidic and sometimes basic
Examples of these kind of materials are
alumina(Al2O3),chrome(Cr2O3) and carbon
Toavoid reaction between acidic bricks
and basic bricks we use the neutral bricks.
The neutral bricks are made up of
graphite and chromites
BASED ON FUSION TEMPERATURE
Based on Fusion temperature refractories
are classified in following:
NORMAL REFRACTORY: Fusion
temperature=1580-17800C(ex: fire clay)
HIGH REFRACTORY: Fusion
temperature=1780-20000C(ex: chromite)
SUPER REFRACTORY: Fusion
temperature>20000C(ex: zirconia)
REFRACTORY ANCHORAGE
Anchorage systems are must for all
refractories. Anchorage systems such as
wire formed anchors, ceramic tiles etc.
support the refractory lining
The commonly used anchorage systems

have a rectangular or circular cross-section

The rectangular cross section can bear

higher weight and it is used for high

thickness refractory whereas the circular
cross section can bear low weight and is
used for low thickness refractory
REFFRACTORY
ANCHORAGE(CONT)
Refractories used for roofs demand the ability
to support the weight of refractory even at
the elevated temperatures and operating
conditions
The amount of anchors used in the refractory
is dependent on the working conditions of the
refractory
The preference of anchors shape, materials,
size and numbers has significant impact on
the quality and life of refractory
RERRACTORY HEAT-UP
Now after making of a new refractory lined
furnace or equipment the next step is to
initiate its working by heating it up in a
controlled manner
It is done in order to stop spalling(the method

in which the flakes of a material are broken

from a large body by projectile impact,
corrosion, cavitations etc.) or shortening of the
materials predicted lifetime
The technology which is used of heating up the

refractory must contain following features:

REFRACTORY HEAT-UP(CONT)
1.Thermal homogeneity within all the
equipment
2.Thermal stability of the heat source

3.Safety of operation

4.Reproducibility(ability to reproduce)
COMPOSITION AND APPLICATION
THANKYOU