CAMBRIDGE SECONDARY TWO SCIENCE

CHAPTER 4: RESPIRATION
4.1 THE HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Every cell in our body use oxygen for

respiration. They produce carbon dioxide
as a waste product.
The respiratory system helps obtain
oxygen and expel carbon dioxide.
The respiratory system consists of the
trachea, brochi, lungs, diaphragm and
intercostal muscles.
4.1 THE HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

The human respiratory system

4.1 THE HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Pathway of air flow:

4.2 GASEOUS EXCHANGE

Gas exchange is the diffusion of gases

into and out of the body. This happens in
the air alveoli (air sacs) in the lungs.
Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the
blood while carbon dioxide diffuses the
opposite direction.
4.2 GASEOUS EXCHANGE

Gas exchange inside an alveolus

4.2 GASEOUS EXCHANGE
4.3 AEROBIC RESPIRATION

Cells obtain energy from glucose by a

chemical reaction called respiration.
Aerobic respiration is the release of
energy from glucose by reacting it with
oxygen inside living cells.
Glucose + Oxygen Carbon + Water
dioxide
4.3 AEROBIC RESPIRATION

Some of the energy released from

glucose
during respiration is heat energy.

Germination of seeds involves respiration which releases heat

4.4 KEEPING FIT

Being fit means that you can do moderate

exercise easily, without tiring too quickly.
A fit person has a circulatory system that
can get oxygen and glucose to the
muscles quickly.
4.4 KEEPING FIT
4.4 KEEPING FIT

Regular exercise and a good diet will help

you to keep fit.
If someone eats too much and gets very
overweight, they will become unfit
because:
(i) The extra body mass requires more
energy to move it around
4.4 KEEPING FIT

(ii) The heart has to work much harder to

pump blood around the larger body
(iii) The space inside the arteries may get
narrower because fat deposits build up
4.5 CIGARETTES AND HEALTH

One of the easiest way to make someone

unfit and to make the lungs and heart less
efficient is to smoke cigarettes.
People who do not smoke cigarettes
themselves may get ill if they breathe in
other peoples cigarette smoke.
4.5 CIGARETTES AND HEALTH

Nicotine is
addictive

Tar increases the

risk of lung cancer
and other cancer
Carbon monoxide
reduces the
amount of oxygen
carried in the
blood
Particulates
damage the
alveoli in the
lungs

Nicotine
makes the
heart work
harder than it
needs to

How cigarette smoke affects the body