FOUR WHEEL

STEERING SYSTEM

SUBMITTED BY: -

ROHAN KUMAR SHARMA

DHEERAJ BARNWAL
CONTENT:-
INTRODUCTION TO STEERING
TYPES OF STEERING SYSTEM
FOUR WHEEL STEERING
TURNING RADIUS
INTODUCTION TO STEERING:-
Steeringisthecollectionofcomponents,linkages,etc.whichallowa
vehicle(car,motorcycle,bicycle)tofollowthedesiredcourse.An
exceptionisthecaseofrailtransportbywhichrailtrackscombined
togetherwithrailroadswitches(andalsoknownas'points'inBritish
English)providethesteeringfunction.

Requirement of steering-
Itshouldmultiplytheturningeffortappliedonthesteeringwheelby
thedriver.
Itshouldbetoacertaindegreeirreversiblesothattheshocksofthe
roadsurfaceencounteredbythewheelsarenottransmittedtothe
drivershand.
Themechanismshouldhaveselfrighteningeffectsothatwhenthe
driverreleasethesteeringwheelafternegotiatingtheturn,thewheel
shouldtrytoachievestraightaheadposition.
TYPES OF STEERING SYSYEM

Frontwheelsteering.
Rearwheelsteering.
Fourwheelsteering.
 FOUR WHEEL STEERING:-
Four-wheelsteering(orallwheelsteering)isasystem
employedbysomevehiclestoimprovesteeringresponse,
increasevehiclestabilitywhilemaneuveringathighspeed,
ortodecreaseturningradiusatlowspeed.A4-wheelsteering
systemissuperiortoa2-wheelsteeringsystem.Itreduces
theturningradiusaswellasthespacerequiredforturning.It
alsoenablestochangeroadlanewhiledrivingevenathigh
speed.
Atlowerspeeds,turningtherearwheelsintheopposite
directiontothefrontwheelsresultsinasmallerturning
radiusandfastercorneringresponses.Athighspeeds,turning
allfourwheelsinconcertimproveshigh-speedstability.
TheFourWheelsteeringsystemoffersa21%reductioninturning
radius.SoifavehicleiscapableofmakingaU-turnina25-foot
space.Itallowsthedrivertodoitinabout20feet..Afrontwheel
activesteeringfunctionwasaddedtoRearActiveSteeradopted
ontheFuga.Bycontrollingthesteeringangleofallfourwheels,
thisactivesteeringsystemhelpsimprovestabilityandresponseat
highspeedandhelpsreducedriverssteeringworkloadatlow
speed.Toachieveprecisevehicle
Vehiclesmovesmoothlyandareeasytodrivebothinthecity
andonwindingroads.
Addedstabilitymeansvehiclescanbedrivensafelyon
expresswaysandwhenchanginglanes.
Quickandresponsivecontrolsystemwillallowgentlesteering
operation.
TURNING RADIUS:-
Theturning radiusofavehicleistheradiusofthesmallestcircularturn
(i.e.U-turn)thatthevehicleiscapableofmaking.itreferstothetightest
turnavehiclecanmakeandisdependentonseveralfactors.Oneobvious
oneisthewidthofthewheelbasethatis,howfarapartthefronttires
are.Allotherthingsbeingequal,asmallerwheelbasecanofferatighter
radius,whilealargewheelbase,suchasthoseonlargetrucks,willhavea
largerradius,regardlessofotherfactors.
4-WS SYSTEM PARTS: -

Rack and pinion front steering,

hydraulically controlled
Rear-steering shaft
Vehicle speed sensors
Steering-phase control unit
Centering lock spring
Solenoid valve
4-WS DRIVE AT DIFFERENT SPEED
AT HIGH SPEED:-

Athigherspeeds,therearwheelsturninthesamedirectionofthe
frontwheelstoincreasestabilitybypreventingoversteerandfish
tailing.Andreducestheturningradius.
AT LOW SPEED

Atlowerspeeds,therearwheelturnintheoppositedirection
fromthefrontwheels.Thiswillhelpineasymaneuverability
ofthevehicleduringparkingandtakingatightcurve.The
turningradiusofavehiclecanbereducedbyaminimumof
20%byhavingthismechanism,whichisasignificantbenefit
forbiggercarsandtrucks.
ADVANTAGES OF 4WS
Speed can be varied

Slow Medium Fast

Improved maneuverability
 Betterhandling
intightcorners
Betterparking
Stabilityis
increased

4WS 2WS
 MODERN CARS WITH ACTIVE FOUR
WHEEL STEERING: -

AcuraRLX(P-AWS)
BMW850CSi(onlyEurospecmodels)
BMW7-Series(2009onward,partofsportpackage)
BMW5-series(2011onwards,IntegralActiveSteeringoption)
ToyotaCamry/VistaJDM19881999(Optional)
ToyotaCarinaED/ToyotaCoronaEXiV(world'sfirstdual-modeswitchable
2WSto4WS)
ToyotaCelica(optionon5thand6thgeneration,19901993ST183and
19941997ST203)(Dual-mode,highandlowspeed)
ToyotaSoarer(UZZ32)
CONCLUSION: -
An innovative feature of this steering linkage
design and its ability to drive all four (or two)
wheels using a single steering actuator makes it
more efficient than 2WS. Though it is expensive
now but by producing it at big level cost may be
decreased. Its successful implementation will
allowforthedevelopmentofafour-wheel,steered
power base with maximum maneuverability,
uncompromised static stability, front- and rear-
wheel tracking, and optimum obstacle climbing
capability.
 AN K
TH
YO U