Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
CEE 332
p1 V12 p2 V22
1 z1 h p 2 z 2 ht hL
2g 2g
EGL (or TEL) and HGL
p V2 p
EGL z HGL z
2g
pressure elevation
head (w.r.t. velocity head (w.r.t.
reference head datum)
pressure)
downward (in
The energy grade line must always slope ___________
direction of flow) unless energy is added (pump)
The decrease in total energy represents the head loss or energy
dissipation per unit weight
EGL and HGL are coincident and lie at the free surface for water
at rest (reservoir)
If the HGL falls below the point in the system for which it is
lower____
plotted, the local pressures are _____ than__________
reference______
pressure
Energy equation
V2 Energy Grade
velocity Line G
Hydraulic
head 2g
L
static p
pressur
head e head
Why is static
head important?
z elevatio
pump n
z=0 2 2 datum
p1 V p V
1 1
z1 h p 2 2 2
z 2 ht hL
2g 2g
Bernoulli Equation Assumption
Frictionless
_________ (viscosity cant be a significant
parameter!)
Along a streamline
__________
Steady
______ flow
density
Constant ________
No pumps, turbines, or head loss
2 Why no
point velocity
V p
z const no
Does direction matter? ____
2g
Useful when head loss is small
Pipe Flow: Review
p1 V12 p2 V22
1 z1 H p 2 z2 H t hl
2g 2g
Sea Level
(Designed for 39 m3/s)
hl z1 z2
Vl V
Reynolds Number Re fu 2
l
V
Froude Number Fr fg g
gl
V 2 l
Weber Number W f 2
l
r c2
Mach Number V fE =
M v
l
c ( Dp +r g Dz )
Pressure/Drag Coefficients 2 p C 2Drag
Cp d
V 2
V 2
A
(dependent parameters that we measure experimentally)
Problem solving approach
D 2 ghf D
f Cp f 2 Definition of f!
l V L
Laminar flow
Hagen-Poiseuille
Turbulent (Smooth, Transition, Rough)
Colebrook Formula
Moody diagram
Swamee-Jain
Laminar Flow Friction Factor
D 2 hl
V Hagen-Poiseuille
32 L
32 LV 128LQ
hf hf
gD 2 gD 4
L V2
hf f Darcy-Weisbach
D 2g
32 LV L V2
f
gD 2
D 2g
64 64
f -1 on log-log plot
Slope of ___
VD Re
Turbulent Pipe Flow Head Loss
L V2
___________
Proportional to the length of the pipehf f
D 2g
square of the velocity
Proportional to the _______
(almost)
________
Increases with surface roughness
Is a function of density and viscosity
independent of pressure
Is __________
Smooth, Transition, Rough 2
LV
Turbulent Flow h f D 2 g f
Hydraulically smooth 1 Re f
pipe law (von Karman, 2 log
f 2.51
1930)
Rough pipe law (von 1 3.7 D
2 log
Karman, 1930) f
Transition function for
both smooth and rough 1 D 2.51
pipe laws (Colebrook) 2 log
f 3.7 Re f
D 0.05
f Cp 0.04
l 0.03
0.02
friction factor
0.015
0.01
0.008
0.006
0.004
D
laminar
0.002
0.001
0.0008
0.0004
0.0002
0.0001
0.00005
0.01 smooth
L D 0.66 Q
9.4
ghf hf ghf gh f
L
Each equation has two terms. Why?
Swamee-Jain gets an f
8 LQ 2 1 D 2.51
hf f 2 2 log
g D5 f 3.7 Re f
2
D
2
1 1 8 LQ 1 2.51
4 log
f hf 2 g D 5 f 3.7 Re f
4Q
Re
D
4Q 2 g D5
Re f hf 8 hf g
D 8 LQ 2 f 2 5
D LQ 2
1 2 ghf D 3
Re f
L
Colebrook Solution for Q
2
1 8 LQ 2 2.51
4 log
hf g D
2 5
3.7 D 1 2 ghf D 3
L
2 L Q 2.51
log
ghf D 5/ 2
3.7 D 1 2 ghf D 3
L
ghf L
Q D5 / 2 log 2.51 3
2 L 3.7 D 2 ghf D
0.04
Q Q
2
5 2 1/ 4
Q 2 5
Q 2
1/ 5
8 LQ 2 1/ 5 1/ 25
hf f 2 Q 2 1/ 5
Q 2 1/ 4
Q 2
g D5 D 0.66 5/ 4
g
g Q g
1/ 5
2 2 1/ 4 1/ 5 1/ 5
8 Q Q 5/ 4 Q Q2
2
D5 f 2
D
g 8 g
g Q g
1/ 5
64 Q 2
2 1/ 4 2 1/ 5
D f 2 64 5/ 4 Q Q
5
8g f 2
g Q g
1/ 5
Q 2
64 2 1/ 4
1/ 5 1/ 5
D f 2 1 Q 2
Q 2
f 5/ 4
8 g 4 4
g Q
g
Pipe Roughness
pipe material pipe roughness (mm)
glass, drawn brass, copper 0.0015
commercial steel or wrought iron 0.045
asphalted cast iron 0.12
galvanized iron 0.15
cast iron 0.26
concrete 0.18-0.6
rivet steel 0.9-9.0
corrugated metal 45
PVC 0.12
Solution Techniques
find head loss given (D, type of pipe, Q)
0.25 8 LQ 2
4Q f hf f 2
Re 5.74
2
D g D 5
ghf L
Q D5 / 2 log 2.51
2 L 3.7 D 2 ghf D 3
D 0.66
1.25
Q
9.4
ghf gh
f
Exponential Friction Formulas
Commonly used in commercial and RLQ n
hf = m
D
industrial settings
range __
Only applicable over _____ of data
____
collected
Hazen-Williams exponential friction
formula
4.727 USC units 1.852
Cn 10.675 L Q
hf = 4.8704 SI units
R D C
10.675
n
SI units
C C = Hazen-Williams coefficient
Head loss:
Hazen-Williams Coefficient
C Condition
150 PVC
140 Extremely smooth, straight pipes; asbestos cement
130 Very smooth pipes; concrete; new cast iron
120 Wood stave; new welded steel
110 Vitrified clay; new riveted steel
100 Cast iron after years of use
95 Riveted steel after years of use
60-80 Old pipes in bad condition
1.852
10.675 L Q
Hazen-Williams hf
D 4.8704 C
SI units
vs
8 LQ 2
hf f 2
Darcy-Weisbach g D5
2 ghl V2 V2
Cp hl C p hl =K
2g 2g
V2
Head Loss due to Sudden Expansion:
Conservation of Energy
1 2
p1 V12 p2 V22
z1 1 Hp z2 2 H t hl
1 2g 2 2g
p1 p2 V22 V12
hl z1 = z2
2g
p1 p2 V12 V22
hl What is p1 - p2?
2g
Head Loss due to Sudden Expansion:
Conservation of Momentum
A2
A1
x 1 2
M 1 x M 2 x Fp Fp
1x 2x
Neglect surface shear
M 1 x V12 A1 M 2 x V22 A2 Pressure is applied over all
of section 1.
V12 A1 V22 A2 p1 A2 p2 A2 Momentum is transferred
over area corresponding to
A1 upstream pipe diameter.
V22 V12 V1 is velocity upstream.
p1 p2 A2
Divide by (A2 )
g
Head Loss due to
Sudden Expansion
p1 p2 V12 V22 A1 V2
hl Mass A V
Energy
2g 2 1
A1
V22 V12
Momentum p1 p2 A2
g
V2
V22 V12
V1 V V
2 2
V22 2V1V2 V12
hl 1 2 hl
g 2g 2g
2 2
V1 V2
2
hl
V 2
1
A1
K 1
A1
hl 1
2g 2g A2 A2
Contraction
EGL
V22
HGL hc K c
2g
Expansion!!!
V1 V2
vena contracta
losses are reduced with a gradual contraction
Entrance Losses
Losses can be reentrant
K e 1.0
reduced by
accelerating the
V2
flow gradually and K e 0.5 he Ke
2g
eliminating the vena
contracta
K e 0.04
Head Loss in Valves
Function of valve type and
V 2
valve position
hv K v
The complex flow path 2g
through valves often results
in high head loss
What is the maximum
value that Kv can have?
_____
How can K be greater than 1?
Questions
EGL
HGL
100 m
valve
D=40 cm
cs
D=20 cm 2
L=1000 m L=500 m
Find the discharge, Q.
What additional information do you need? V22
100m = +hl
Apply energy equation 2g
How could you get a quick estimate? _________________
Use S-J on small pipe
Or spreadsheet solution: find head loss as function of Q.
Non-Circular Conduits:
Hydraulic Radius Concept
LV2
A is cross sectional area h f =f
D 2g
P is wetted perimeter
Rh is the Hydraulic Radius (Area/Perimeter)
Dont confuse with radius!
p 2
For a pipe
A 4D D hf =f
L V2
Rh = = = D =4 Rh 4 Rh 2 g
P pD 4