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Paradigm/
Assumption/
Basic Belief
1
Overview
Research Philosophy
Research Ontology
Research Epistemology
Research Methodology
Research Axiology
Quantitative versus Qualitative Research
2
Research Philosophy
The progress of scientific practice
based on peoples philosophies and
assumptions about the world and the
nature of knowledge
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Research Philosophy
In natural science it is defined as the set of
practices that define a scientific discipline
during a particular period of time.
In social science the term is used to
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Research Philosophy
PositionOntological
Assumptions
What is the form and nature of reality?
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Research Philosophy
PositionEpistemological
Assumptions
What is valid knowledge?
What is the nature of the relationship between
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Research Philosophy Position
Epistemological Assumptions
The branch of
philosophy concerned
with the theory of
knowledge, which
seeks to inform us how
we can know the world
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Research Philosophy Position
Epistemological Assumptions
What distinguishes true knowledge from
false knowledge
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Research Philosophy
Position Methodological
Assumptions
How can the would-be-knower go about finding out
whatever he or she believes can be known?
If we assume there is a real reality, then:
He or she will employ objective methods that
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Theories of knowledge
development
Early theories
absolute permanent
Later theories
Relativity
Situation dependence
Continuous development
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Research philosophy
development
Positivist
Interpretivist
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Research Philosophy and
Approaches
Positivist
Quantitative
Interpretivist
Qualitative
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Comparing Research Philosophy
and Assumptions
Positivism Interpretivism
Reality is objective and Reality is subjective
Ontology: what is the singular, apart from the and multiple as seen
nature of reality? researcher by the participants
Epistemology:
Researcher is independent Researcher interacts
What is valid
from that being researched with that being researched
knowledge?
Axiology:
Value free and un-biased Value-laden and biased
Role of values
Cross-sectional studies Action Research
Experimental studies Case Studies
RESEARCH
Longitudinal studies Ethnography
STRATEGY
Surveys Grounded Theory
Etc... Hermeneutics, etc...
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Features of research
approaches
Positivist paradigm Interpretive paradigm
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Positivist Philosophy
Positivism is a philosophy states that the
only authentic knowledge is scientific
knowledge, and that such knowledge can
only come from positive affirmation of
theories through strict scientific method.
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The Positivistic approach
Defineyourresearchtopic
Literaturereview
Defineyourresearchquestion(s)
i.e.hypothesis
Deductive Designdatacollection
Pilotstudy
Designdataanalysis
Collectdata
Analysedata
Interpretresults
Reportyourfindings
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AdaptedfromMaylorandBlackmon(2005)
Positivist Approach
Research which combines a deductive
approach with precise measurement of
quantitative data to enable the discovery
and confirmation of causal laws
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The scientific method
A generally accepted set of procedures for
developing and testing theories
Objective observation
Measurement
Careful and accurate analysis of data
Minimising pre-conceptions about how the world
works
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Interpretivist Approach
Research which combines an inductive
approach with communication and
observation of qualitative data to discover
the reasons for events.
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The Interpretivist approach
A generally accepted set of procedures for
collecting information about the world
Subjective observation
Being led by the data (ie. induction)
Trying to overcome biases about the situation
Avoiding conceptual frameworks or
instruments that might influence what is
observed 4/27/17 23
MaylorandBlackmon(2005)
The Interpretivist approach
Defineyourresearchtopic
Literaturereview
Defineyourresearchquestion(s)
Designdatacollection
Inductive
Collectdata
Analysedata Literaturereview
Interpretdata
Researchquestionanswered?
Reportyourfindings
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AdaptedfromMaylorandBlackmon(2005)
Deductive - begins
with an abstract idea
and principle and
works toward the
concrete details to test
these ideas.
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Deductive Theory
testing
Inductive Theory
building
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Comparing Research
Approaches
Characteristic Positivism Phenomenology
What? Why?
Questions that can be answered How much? How?
Direct observation,
Survey, Interviews,
Associated methods Experiment Participant observation
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AdaptedfromMaylorandBlackmon(2005)
Why does the approach
matter?
Whether you take a scientific
(positivist) or interpretivist approach
will influence:
quantitative numbers
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Qualitative and Quantitative
Research use different techniques
quantitative Impersonal
Measurement
Questionnaires
(closed)
qualitative Questionnaires
(open)
Personal
Interviews
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Qualitative and Quantitative Research
have different purposes in mind
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Qualitative and Quantitative Research
use different research processes
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Research Models
natural science model:
representative sampling, formulation
and testing of an hypothesis
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positivist, anti-positivist,
systematic, or interpretivist,
scientific ethnographic
or naturalistic
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Qualitative Quantitative
The product textual numerical
The epistemology interpretive (empathy positivist (measuring
and understanding) and collecting facts)
Source:MarkSaunders,PhilipLewisandAdrianThornhill2006 4/27/17 36
Thanks
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