Lecture 8

Lecture 8 - Flexure
June 18, 2003

RC 444
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Lecture Goals
Pan Joist
One-way Slab
Pattern Loading
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Pan Joist Floor Systems
ACI Requirements for Joist Construction
(Sec. 8.11, ACI 318-02)
Slabs and ribs must be cast
monolithically.
Ribs must be spaced consistently
Ribs may not be less than 4 inches in
width
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ACI Requirements for Joist Construction
(cont.)
(Sec. 8.11.2, ACI 318-02)
Depth of ribs may not be more than 3.5
times the minimum rib width

Clear spacing between ribs shall not
exceed 30 inches.
** Ribbed slabs not meeting these
requirements are designed as slabs and
beams. **
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Slab Thickness
(ACI Sec. 8.11.6.1)
t 2 in. for joints formed with 20 in.

wide pans
t 2.5 in. for joints formed with 30 in.

wide pans (1/12 distance)
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Slab Thickness (cont.)
Building codes give minimum fire
resistance rating:
1-hour fire rating: in. cover, 3-3.5

slab thickness
2-hour fire rating: 1 in. cover, 4.5 slab

thickness
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Pan Joist
Floor
Systems
Standard
Removable
Form
Dimensions
Note the
shapes
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Standard Removable Form
Dimensions
Standard Widths: 20 in. & 30 in.

(measured at bottom of ribs)
Standard Depths: 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16

or 20 in.
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Standard Removable Form
Dimensions (cont.)
End Forms: one end is closed (built-in)

to form the supporting beam
Tapered End Forms: provide additional

shear capacity at ends of joists by
tapering ends to increase rib width.
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Pan Joist
Slabs
Standard Pan Joist
Form Dimensions
Ref. CECO Concrete
Construction Catalog
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Pan Joist
Slabs
Standard Pan Joist
Form Dimensions
Ref. CECO Concrete Construction
Catalog
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Laying Out Pan Joist Floors
Rib/slab thickness
Governed by strength, fire rating,
available space
Overall depth and rib thickness

Governed by deflections and shear
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Laying Out Pan Joist Floors (cont.)
Typically no stirrups are used in joists
Reducing Forming Costs:

Use constant joist depth for entire
floor
Use same depth for joists and beams
(not always possible)
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Distribution Ribs
Placed perpendicular to joists*
Spans < 20 ft.: None
Spans 20-30 ft.: Provided a midspan
Spans > 30 ft.: Provided at third-points
At least one continuous #4 bar is provided
at top and bottom of distribution rib.

*Note: not required by ACI Code, but typically
used in construction
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Member Depth
ACI provides minimum member depth
and slab thickness requirements that
can be used without a deflection
calculation (Sec. 9.5 ACI 318)
Useful for selecting preliminary

member sizes
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Member Depth
ACI 318 - Table 9.5a:
Min. thickness, h (for beams or ribbed one-way

slab)
For beams with one end continuous: L/18.5
For beams with both ends continuous: L/21
L is span length in inches
Table 9.5a usually gives a depth too shallow for

design, but should be checked as a minimum.
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Member
Depth
ACI 318-99: Table 9.5a
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Member Depth
Rule of Thumb:
h (in.) ~ L (ft.)
b
Ex.) 30 ft. span -> h ~ 30 in.
b
May be a little large, but okay as a
start to calc. DL
Another Rule of Thumb:
w
DL (web below slab) ~ 15% (w SDL+
wLL)
Note: For design, start with maximum
moment for beam to finalize depth.
Select b as a function of d
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b ~ (0.45 towood4657@gmail.com
0.65) (d) 18
Approximate Analysis of Continuous
Beam and One-Way Slab
Systems
ACI Moment and Shear Coefficients
Approximate moments and shears
permitted for design of continuous
beams and one-way slabs
Section 8.3.3 of ACI Code
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Approximate Analysis of
Continuous Beam and One-Way
Slab Systems
ACI Moment and Shear Coefficients -
Requirements:
Two or more spans
Approximately Equal Spans
Larger of 2 adjacent spans not greater
than shorter by > 20%

Uniform Loads
LL/DL 3 (unfactored)
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Slab Systems
ACI Moment and Shear Coefficients -
Requirements: ( cont.)
Prismatic members
Same A, I, E throughout member length
Beams must be in braced frame without

significant moments due to lateral forces
Not state in Code, but necessary for
coefficients to apply.
** All these requirements must be met to use the

coefficients!**
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Slab Systems
ACI Moment and Shear Coefficients
Methodology:
2 wu = Total factored dead and live
M u Cm ( w l )
u n load per unit length
Cm = Moment coefficient
Cv = Shear coefficient
wl ln = Clear span length for span in

Vu Cv u n
question for Mu at interior
2 and Vu
face of exterior support, +Mu
ln = Average of clear span length

for adjacent spans for Mu at
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interior supports
Approximate Analysis of Continuous
Beam and One-Way Slab Systems
ACI Moment
and Shear
Coefficients
See Section
8.3.3 of ACI
Code
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Example
Design the eight-span east west
in figure. A typical 1-ft wide
design strip is shaded. A
partial section through this
strip is shown. The beams are
assumed to be 14 in. wide.
The concrete strength is 3750
psi and the reinforcement
strength is 60 ksi. The live
load is 100 psf and dead load
of 50 psf.
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Example One-way
Slab
Use table 9.5(a) to determine the minimum
thickness of the slab.
12 in
l 15 ft 180 in
ft
l 180 in.
End bay: min . h = 7.5 in.
24 24
l 180 in.
Interior bays: min h = 6.43 in.
28 28
Use 7.5 in.
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Example One-way
Slab
Compute the trial factored loads based on thickness.
1 ft lb lb
wD 7.5 in 150 3 93.75 2
12 in ft ft
Factored load
wu 1.2wD 1.6 wL 1.2 50 psf + 93.75 psf 1.6 100 psf
332.5 psf
Check ratio for 8.3.3
wL 3wD OK!
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Example One-way
Slab
Compute factored external moment.
wU L 332.5 psf 15 ft
2 2
MU 6801. lb-ft/ft
C 11
81.61 k-in/ft
Nominal moment
M U 81.61 k-in/ft
MN 90.68k-in/ft
0.9
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Example One-way
Slab
The thickness is 7.5 in. so we will assume that the bar
is located d = 7.5in 1.0 in. = 6.5 in. (From 3.3.2 ACI
318 0.75 in + ~0.25 in( 0.5*diameter of bar) = 1.0 in
Assume that the
a
M N T d As f y 0.9d moment arm is 0.9d
2
MN 90.68 k-in/ft
As 0.258 in 2 /ft
f y 0.9d 60 ksi 0.9 6.5 in
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Example One-way
Slab
Recalculate using A = 0.2 in 2
s
As f y 0.258 in. 60 ksi
a 0.405 in.
0.85 f cb 0.85 3.75 ksi 12 in
a MN
M N As f y d As
2 a
fy d
2
90.68 k-in/ft
As
0.405 in.
60 ksi 6.5 in.
2
0.240 in 2 /ft wood4657@yahoo.es
Example One-way
Slab
Check the yield of the steel
a 0.405 in.
c 0.476 in.
1 0.85
d c 6.5 in. 0.476 in.
t cu 0.003
c 0.476 in.
0.038 0.005
Steel has yielded so
we can use = 0.9
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Example One-way
Slab
Check to minimum requirement for every foot
As 0.24 in.
0.00301
bd 12 in. 6.5 in.
200 200
f 60000 0.00333
y
min min 0.00333
3 f c 3 3750 0.0031
fy 60000
Problem!
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Example One-way
Slab
What we can do is rework the spacing between the bars
by change b Use a #4 bar As = 0.2 in2
As As 0.2 in 2
b 9.23 in.
bd d 0.00333 6.5 in.
Use b = 9 in.
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Example One-way
Slab
Check for shrinkage and temperature reinforcement for
min = 0.0018 As = minbh from 7.12.2.1 ACI
As min bd 0.0018 12 in. 7.5 in. 0.162 in 2 /ft

0.2 in 2
2
spacing = 12 in. =14.8 in.
0.162 in
Use 1 # 4 bar every 9 in.
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Pattern Loads
Using influence lines to determine pattern
loads
Largest moments in a continuous beam

or frame occur when some spans are
loaded and others are not.
Influence lines are used to determine

which spans to load and which spans
not to load.
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Pattern Loads
Influence Line: graph of variation of

shear, moment, or other effect at one
particular point in a structure due to a
unit load moving across the structure.
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Pattern
Loads
Quantitativ
e Influence
Lines
Ordinate
are
calculated
(exact)
MacGregor (1997)
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Pattern Loads
Qualitative Influence Lines
Mueller-Breslau Principle
Used to provide a qualitative guide

to the shape of the influence line
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Pattern Loads
Qualitative Influence Lines (cont.)
For moments
Insert pin at location of interest

Twist beam on either side of pin
Other supports are unyielding, so
distorted shape may be easily
drawn.
For frames, joints are assumed free
to rotate, assume members are
rigidly connected (angle between
members does not change)
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The Mueller-Breslau principle
can be stated as follows:
If a function at a point on a
structure, such as reaction, or
shear, or moment is allowed to
act without restraint, the
deflected shape of the structure,
to some scale, represents the
influence line of the function.
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Pattern Loads
Fig. 10-7 (b,f) from MacGregor (1997)
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Pattern
Loads
Frame Example:
Maximize +M at point B.
Draw qualitative
influence lines.
Resulting pattern load:

checkerboard pattern
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Pattern Loads
Arrangement of Live Loads (ACI
318-02, Sec. 8.9.1)
It shall be permitted to assume that:
The live load is applied only to the
floor or roof under consideration,
and
The far ends of columns built
integrally with the structure are
considered to be fixed.
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Pattern Loads
Arrangement of Live Loads ACI 318-
99, Sec. 8.9.2:
It shall be permitted to assume that the
arrangement of live load is limited to
combinations of:
Factored dead load on all spans with
full factored live load on two adjacent
spans.
Factored dead load on all spans with
full factored live load on alternate
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Lecture 8

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Lecture 8 - Flexure

June 18, 2003

Ribs may not be less than 4 inches in

times the minimum rib width

t 2 in. for joints formed with 20 in.

t 2.5 in. for joints formed with 30 in.

1-hour fire rating: in. cover, 3-3.5

2-hour fire rating: 1 in. cover, 4.5 slab

Standard Widths: 20 in. & 30 in.

Standard Depths: 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16

End Forms: one end is closed (built-in)

Tapered End Forms: provide additional

Overall depth and rib thickness

Typically no stirrups are used in joists

Reducing Forming Costs:

Spans 20-30 ft.: Provided a midspan

Spans > 30 ft.: Provided at third-points

At least one continuous #4 bar is provided

at top and bottom of distribution rib.

Useful for selecting preliminary

Min. thickness, h (for beams or ribbed one-way

Table 9.5a usually gives a depth too shallow for

than shorter by > 20%

Beams must be in braced frame without

** All these requirements must be met to use the

wl ln = Clear span length for span in

ln = Average of clear span length

As min bd 0.0018 12 in. 7.5 in. 0.162 in 2 /ft

Use 1 # 4 bar every 9 in.

Largest moments in a continuous beam

Influence lines are used to determine

Influence Line: graph of variation of

Used to provide a qualitative guide

Insert pin at location of interest

Fig. 10-7 (b,f) from MacGregor (1997)

Resulting pattern load:

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