Cellular

Respiration

HOW OUR BODY MAKES ATP, ENERGY!!

Mitochondria
Why ATP is important?

To sustain work.

EG:
1. Anabolic Reaction
2. Active Transport
3. Mechanical Work
4. Maintain Body Temperature.
5. Bioluminences
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ATP is the energy
currency in all
living organism

Also called high

energy molecule
Why ATP is a suitable energy
carrier?

April 28, 2017

1. It is small in size = can be easily transported

throughout the body.

2. It is unstable = can be hydrolysed easily (loses

phosphorus).

3. High energy release = ~30.7kj/mol

4. Can be used by most cells

5. Has a rapid turnover.

Engage
Adenosine Tri-Phosphate (ATP)
Adenosine
Ribose Sugar
3 Phosphates
Role of enzymes in the
production and the destruction of
ATP
ATP Synthase to phosphorylate (add
phosphate group to ADP) ATP.

ADP + Pi ATP

ATPase To hydrolyse
(Dephosphorylate, or to remove
phosphate group from ATP) ATP

ATP ADP + Pi
The Two main types of Phosphorylation
Substrate level phosphorylation (SLP)
It is the synthesis of ATP through the break down
of substrates such as Glucose.

Oxidative Phosphorylation (OP)

It is the synthesis of ATP due to the movement of
electrons through the series of electron transport
chain.
Explain:
Where do our cells get energy?

April 28, 2017

6-C sugars are the MAJOR source of energy for
cell
What type of macromolecule are 6-C sugars?
Carbohydrates
Cells break down glucose a 6-C sugar to make
ATP energy
Cellular Respiration (3-
stages)

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Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

Glucose

Glycolysis Krebs Electron

cycle transport

Fermentation Alcohol or
(without oxygen) lactic acid
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 Section 9-2
Flowchart

Cellular Respiration

Carbon
Dioxide
Glucose (CO2)
(C6H1206) Electron
Krebs +
+ Glycolysis Transport Water
Cycle
Oxygen Chain (H2O)
(02)
+
ATP
Respiratory quotient
(RQ)

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A ratio indicating the relation of the volume of
carbon dioxide given off in respiration to that of
the oxygen consumed
Glycolysis
 Where Cytoplasm

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NO O2 required

Energy Yield net gain of 2 ATP at the expense of

2 ATP
6-C glucose TWO 3-C pyruvates
Free e- and H+ combine with organic ion carriers called
NAD+ NADH + H+
(nicotinamide dinucleotide)
Summary

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In Out
Glucose (6-C) 2 pyruvate; 2(3-C)
2 ATP 2NADH
a net of 2 ATP
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Breakdown of Pyruvic Acid
(Link Reaction)

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Where
mitochondria
Pyruvate (3-C)
Acetic acid (2-C)
3rd C forms CO2
Acetic
acid
combines with
Coenzyme A to
form ACETYL-CoA
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Summary

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In Out

Pyruvate CO2 (as waste)

NAD Reduced NAD

CoA Acetyl-CoA
Second Step: Citric Acid Cycle
(Krebs Cycle)

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Where Mitochondrial matrix
Energy Yield 2 ATP and more e-
Acetyl-CoA (2-C) combines with 4-C to
form 6-C CITRIC ACID
Citric Acid (6-C) changed to 5-C then to
a 4-C
Gives off a CO2 molecule
NAD+ and FAD pick up the released e-
FAD becomes FADH2
NAD+ becomes NADH + H+
Cycle ALWAYS reforming a 4-C molecule
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Krebs Cycle
ETC

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Where inner membrane of mitochondria
Energy Yield Total of 32 ATP
O2 combines with TWO H+ to form H2O
Exhale - CO2, H2O comes from cellular
respiration
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 Electron Transport Chain

Electron Transport
Hydrogen Ion Movement
Channel Mitochondrion

Intermembrane
Space
ATP synthase

Inner
Membrane

Matrix
ATP Production
Summary

Mitochondrion

Electrons carried in NADH

Electrons
Pyruvic
carried in
acid
NADH and
Glucose FADH2 Electron
Krebs Transport
Glycolysis
Cycle Chain

Mitochondrion
Cytoplasm
Total ENERGY Yield
Glycolysis 2 ATP

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Krebs Cycle 2 ATP
ETC 32 ATP

Total 36 ATP
What happens if NO O2?
Cellular respiration process STOPS

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Aerobic vs. Anaerobic

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Anaerobic Aerobic requires
DOES NOT oxygen
require Yieldslarge
oxygen amounts of energy
Simple What is this
fast energy molecule?
produces ATP, ATP, ATP
smaller
amounts of
energy (ATP)
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Releasing Energy w/out
Oxygen

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Anaerobic Respiration
NO Additional ATP is Formed

NO O2 leads to Fermentation
Two Types
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Alcoholic Fermentation
Lactic Acid Fermentation

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bacteria, plants and most animals

After glycolysis
2 pyruvic acid changed to lactic acid

Sometimes happens in your muscles,

cramps-----Exercise
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Alcoholic Fermentation
Bacteria and fungi (yeast)

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Ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide are the end
products
Process used to form beer, wine, and other alcoholic
beverages
Also used to raise dough, bread
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