Chapter 1

1.1 The importance of having a transport

system in some multicellular organisms

Learning outcomes:
1. Identify the problems that could be
faced by multicellular organisms in
obtaining their cellular requirements
and getting rid of waste product
2. Suggest how these problems are
overcome in multicellular organisms
 Group- Discuss- share

Textbook pg 3
Question 1

Textbook pg 4
Question 2
 small
mediu lar
Dimension of cube (cm)
m 1x1x1 ge
2x2x2 4x4x4

Total surface area of cube

(cm2)

Volume of cube (cm3)

TSA/V ratio

Calculate the TSA/V ratio.

Difference transport in unicellular and
multicellular organisms
Unicellular organism

They have large total surface area to volume

(TSA/V) ratio that enable substance to diffuse
easily into the cell
To obtain oxygen and nutrients directly from
external environment
Carbon dioxide and other waste product also
eliminated by diffusion through plasma
membrane
So, They do not need any internal transport
system
 Multicellular organisms

The TSA/V ratio decreases

Cells often located away from external surface
of the body
Diffusion rate also decrease which is a limiting
factor to cellular activities in large animals
These organism have specialized structure to
increase surface area ( alveolus)
They also need circulatory system to
Distribute nutrients and oxygen
Remove waste product
 Exit Pass

Essay question in workbook page 17

(20 minutes)
Structure of human blood
vessels
The complete blood vessels
system
 The ARTERY
Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from
the heart.

the elastic fibres

allow the artery to
stretch under
pressure

thick muscle
and elastic
the thick muscle
fibres can contract to
push the blood
along.
 The VEIN
Veins carry deoxygenated blood
towards from the heart.
veins have valves
which act to stop
the blood from
going in the
wrong direction.
thin muscle
and elastic body muscles surround the
fibres veins so that when they
contract to move the body,
they also squeeze the
veins and push the blood
 The CAPILLARY
Capillaries link Arterioles
with Venus

they exchange
materials between
the blood and other
body cells.
the wall of a
capillary The exchange of
is only one materials between
the blood and the
cell thick body can only occur
through capillaries.
Blood vessels
thick outer
thick inner wall
layer of
muscle and elastic
fibres narrow central
tube (lumen)
ARTERY
thin outer wall
thin inner layer of
muscle and elastic
fibres
wide central tube CAPILLARY
VEIN
(lumen)

wall only one cell

thick
Blood vessels: valves
When blood is flowing against gravity, or when
a vein is squeezed by muscle action, there is a
risk that blood will flow in the wrong direction.
Veins have valves to prevent backflow.
backflo
vein w
valve prevent
open
blood edvein
to the valve
heart closed

The valves allow but close if

blood to flow in blood starts to
the correct flow in the wrong
direction direction.
arteries capillaries Veins
Carry Sites for the Transport
oxygenated exchange of deoxygenated
blood away respiratory blood from all
from the heart to gases, nutrients parts of the body
all parts of the and wastes to the heart
body except
Except pulmonary vein
pulmonary artery
Blood pressure: Lower than Lower than
High blood arteries but arteries
pressure in higher than veins
arteries
Thick muscular One cell Thinner wall
wall thickness Lumen size is
Lumen size Lumen is very large
small small
 3. Heart
A heart is an organ that generates
pressure to pump the blood through
out the body
How blood is propelled through
the human circulatory system?
Location of the Heart
The heart is located between the
lungs behind the sternum and
above the diaphragm.
It is surrounded by the
pericardium.
It is a fluid filled sac that surrounds
the heart
Its size is about that of a fist, and its
weight is about 250-300 g.
Location of the heart in the
thorax
Anatomy of the heart
Heart made up of myogenic
cardiac muscles which contract
and relax automatically
throughout life
It is not controlled by nervous
system
 The human heart has four chambers:
1. Left and right Atrium (atria=
plural)
. Upper chambers which receive blood
returning to the heart
. Thin -walled
2. Left and right ventricles
. Lower chambers which pump blood
out of the heart
. Thick walled
Septum:
Separates the right chambers from
the left chambers
The valves: ensure that blood flows
only in one direction.
1. Tricuspid valve
2. Bicuspid valve
3. Semi lunar valve
The Heart Valves
The tricuspid valve- the valve
between the right atrium and right
ventricle

The bicuspid valve- the valve

between left atrium and left
ventricle

Semi lunar valve- the valves at

the base of aorta and pulmonary
http://www.slideshare.net/nirmalajosephine1/biology-form-5-chapter-1-15-body-defence-mechanism
 Topic: Transport of water in plants

Water is an essential
substance that is
needed to serve
many purposes of the
survival of living
plants
Water is continuously
be supplied upwards
from soil to stem and
to leaves.
This movement is
aided by few forces.
Root= epidermal cortex-endodermal-pericycle- vascular bundles

Water in cortex through cytoplasm, cell wall and vacuole

Water moves in endodermal cell through cytoplasm and vacuole
* casparin strip impermeable to water
 Process

Osmosis
- Difference in water concentration gradient pushes water into
adjacent cells and xylem cells
Root pressure
- Ions continuously secreted into xylem vessel causes osmotic
pressure to increase
- As a results water continuously flows into the xylem and generates
root pressure
- This forces water molecules into the xylem in stem.
Capillary action
-Upwards push in stem helped by
(a) Cohesion water molecules stick to one to another
(b) Adhesion water molecules stick to the wall of xylem
 Transpirational
pull is the force
created when
water is
continuously loss
to the air when
the weather is
conducive.
How is this condition
differ from dew?

Dew is formed on the

plant's surface from
condensation of
moisture in the
air. Guttation, on the
other hand, is
moisture emitted
from the plant itself.
Hydathodes specialized
pores at the edge of the
leaves
 Question workbook pg
https://www.scie
ncemag.org/site/
feature/misc/we
bfeat/vis2005/sh
ow/transpiration.
swf