INTRODUCTION TO

INFORMATION
TRANSFER
 OBJECTIVES
By the end of the lecture, students should
be able to:

1. Differentiate the different

kinds of graphs and charts.

2. Read and interpret information

from tables, graphs, charts &
pictures.
 Types
1. Tables
1. used to organize exact amounts of data & display
information.
2. show numerical specifics rather than visual
comparisons, & therefore take longer to read and
understand.
3. difficult to examine overall trends or comparisons than
using bar and circle graphs.
2. Line & Bar Graphs
1. used to compare data and show trends.
2. provide a display that enables the reader to quickly
examine these trends visually.
3. can be difficult to read accurately.
4. A change in the interval and/or scale may alter the
visual perception of data, which may persuade or trick
the reader
3. Pie Charts
1. used to compare parts to a whole.
2. They visually represent data in the same proportion as
the numerical data in a table.
TABLES
 Purpose of tables
provide information
Frequently one quantity in a table
depends upon or is related to
another.
Data from tables can be graphed to
aid interpretation.
Graphs give a visual representation
of the data that helps to reveal
regularities and patterns
 Example
Table showing the major trade partners of
Singapore and their share in its total trade.
( CIA reports for 2009)

Exports Imports

Hong Kong 11.6% US 14.7%

Malaysia 11.5% Malaysia 11.6%

US 11.2% China 10.5%

Indonesia 9.7% Japan 7.6%

Graphs and
Charts
Main Purposes

1. To emphasize the main numerical

facts

2. To reveal important facts,

comparisons, & relationships
which might be overlooked or not
quickly ascertained in text and
tables.
Types of Graphs and
Charts
1. Line graph
2. Bar graph
3. Double/ Grouped Bar
graphs
4. Paired Bar graphs
5. Pie-chart
 LINE GRAPH
Compares 2 variables.
Each variable is plotted along an axis . A line graph
has a vertical axis and a horizontal axis.
Widely used.
The Bar Graph

is a visual display used to compare the

amounts or frequency of occurrence
of different characteristics of data.
 BAR GRAPH
Bar graphs are an excellent way to show results
that are one time, that are not continuous -
especially samplings such as surveys, inventories,

Price of Corn versus Quantity Demanded

 Each data group is represented by two
Double ( grouped )Bar Graphs
bars.
are used for when each data group
contains two different sets of
frequency data.
allows the comparison of a number of
items in two (sometimes three)
aspects at the same time by means of
connected adjacent horizontal bars
opposite each sub item
Below is an example of a table that has two
frequency data values per data group.
Quarterly Reports of Income and Expenses
for Dry Cleaning Associates and Co.
Income
Expenses
(thousand
Quarter (thousands of
s of
dollars)
dollars)
First Quarter 57 39
Second
107 80
Quarter
Third Quarter 73 78
Fourth Quarter 118 82
 Double Bar Graph

Quarterly Reports of Income and Expenses for Dry Cleaning

Associates and Co.
Grouped Bar Graph
 When reading double bar graphs, we often
want to look at the difference in heights
between the two data bars within one group
.
For example, the difference between the
income and expenses bars for each individual
quarter tells you the profit for that quarter
(profit = income expenses).

By paying attention, not only to individual

bar heights, but differences between bar
heights, you can make more generalizations
from double bar graphs.
 The Paired Bar Chart also compares a
number of items in two aspects at the
same time.
Instead of being grouped, the bars are
placed opposite to each other, one set
for one of the comparisons on the right
of the items caption and the second
set for the other comparison on the left.
Difference between Bar graph and
Histogram
Histogram
 Pie Chart (Circle graphs )
A pie chart is a way of illustrating information by
using sectors of a circle to represent parts of the
whole.
Each sector is proportional in size to the amount
each sector represents, therefore it is easy to
make generalizations and comparisons.
Pie charts are display percentages. Therefore,
they are used to compare different parts of the
same whole.
 Using Pie chart to compare
The following pie charts show an analysis of the
destinations of pupils leaving a sixth form college.
 Data Interpretation
Trend
(s)
Trend (s) describe the direction of a
statistical change

Trend (s) could refer to both upward

or downward movement or tendency.

Trend (s) may even show how certain

elements incline towards or deflect
from each other
Trend (s)
 Terms used
to indicate upward movement
A rise To rise
An increase To increase
A climb To climb
A jump To jump
A leap/ bound To leap/bounce
A growth To go up
An upward trend To grow
Doubled (2x) To shoot up
Tripled (3x) To soar
 Terms used
to indicate downward movement
A fall to fall
A decrease to decrease
A plunge to plunge
A drop to drop
To go down
A reduction
An downward trend
Dropped