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PROGRESS REPORT

SUBJECT: Organization behavior


SUBMITTED TO: Miss Shumaila Burney
CLASS: BSSE-3

GROUP MEMBERS:
Warisha Munir
Esha Rizvi
Sajid Khan
Momina Zahid
Hareem Naqvi
Mariam Rashid
Interviews
We have deducted an interview from our senior mate Ebaaad
Khan.

Q1.. your degree(name, year) if masters (where you did your


bsc)?
BSCS 2013 to 2016
Q2 what was your CGPA?
3.1
Q3 did you worked in any software department (during
studies)? Was that hard to manage
I did internship in microsoft innovation center in my final
year and worked in International office products, the job was
about the data migration from one cloud platform to other
cloud platform . It wasnt really hard to work because in UBIT
teachers are very co-operative.
Q4 you had a I.T background (inter from cs or was working
on any IT place) before here?
Yes, I studied computer course in my 9th class but I did my
intermediate in pre-engineering.
Q5 what changes you feel in recent year?
The current students of UBIT is very hardworking and by
their hardwork they eliminate the communication gap
between juniors and senior and there are lot of different
Q6 as a UBIT students what lacks you face in depart that you think it should
be resolved?
There is a lot of lack in personality grooming and one is the important thing
in which our student lack is the learning of technology that there is extra
course for the students to learn those technology which is need of
market/software house, like asp .net, php etc.
Q7 what changes should be accumulated in our course for better
professional competency?
-no idea
Q8 what do you prefer more BSSE or BSCS ? is there any difference in
market demand?
BSCS, because it will give you the more choice of field and they cover a lot
of things which is not covered in the software engineering.
Q9 do you think that our department is working on merit ? with no
favours(any basis) as teachers & student?
Yes!! There are some favours in department.
Q10 IT world is quite big, where we stand?
We stand in a good position , as we from Karachi university where merit is a
base .
Q11 which skills are more preferable In market ? (recent & next 10 year)?
Speed, communication skills are damn important & if you can work with
limited resources then you are preferable .
Q12 which language is more preferable?
Q13 what should be starting salary for fresh graduate?
As starting 25000 is enough , but should not remain same till next year
.
Q14 do you think that you are blessed that you graduate from UBIT ?
Yes I am blessed !! I am from well known university ..
Q15 feedback & suggestions
Ubit is a whole different world , teachers are best, we are preferable in
market , & highly recommended.
Suggestion: practical work should be practice more than theory

I can say it was a superb experience talking to our senior ,aswell as an


inspiration too. I would thanks Ebaaad for his time and interview to us.
Interviews ( Continue )

After Ebad we have deducted interview from a 2015 passout


Muhammad Faizan (BSCS)

Q1 your degree(name, year) if masters (where you did your bsc)?


BS 2015 UBIT
Q2 what was your CGPA?
3.47
Q3 did you worked in any software department (during studies)? Was
that hard to manage
Yes I worked, yes its always difficult to make your way out during
studies. Since studying is a full time job as well.
Q4 did you had an I.T background (inter from CS or was working on any
IT place) before here?
No.
Q5 what changes you feel in recent year?
Im much satisfied with my current position and thats the change I felt.
Q6 as a UBIT students what lacks you face in depart that you think it
should be resolved?
AC in whole department, proper facilitated seminar hall, lack of
opportunities of Students general activity.
Q7 what changes should be accumulated in our course for better
professional competency?
Punctuality and commitment.
Q8 what do you prefer more BSSE or BSCS? is there any difference in market demand?
Nope market treats everyone the same, however it can give you a little edge internationally
with CS degree.
Q9 Do you think that our department is working on merit? with no favours(any basis) as
teachers & student?
Yup I am a strong contender of this opinion that during my span of graduation, I found
merit to be prevailed within department.
Q10 IT world is quite big, where we stand?
40 years behind.
Q11 which skills are more preferable In market? (recent & next 10 year)?
Every skill has its own value and worth, its upto the person how much expertise he can
attain in any direction that he goes.
Q12 which language is more preferred?
I saw jobs on all the languages, ASP.Net, Java (E2EE), Javascript, PHP, understanding of
frameworks within each language makes you more demanded.
Q13 what should be starting salary for fresh graduate?
At least 50K do not work for anything less than that, unless You have
done nothing during your years.
Q14 do you think that you are blessed that you graduate from UBIT?
Certainly. I am thankful of all the educational academics that put me
thru the struggle of becoming a more civilized version of myself.
Q15 feedback & suggestions
Its really important to have focus, You get lucky by the amount of
hard work you do.

It was a warm and enthusiastic experience talking to our senior , we all


thanked him and learn alot from our senior.
Interviews ( Continue )
Syed Umair Javaid
Senior Oracle Developer
In 2nd year at University Of Tasmania. He moved between continents to master
his passion, IT. As in software development his best skills comprise of
application development, customer services and applying the technical
expertise in business context.

1-Which department of software you work in? and is it hard to manage with
your studies? How do you manage? any advice
In start it was really hard. I was allowed to leave the office before 30 min of
starting my class in uni. Sometimes i had to skip class. But also had to maintain
the attendance. I used to work on weekends too.

2-Before getting in this field, did you have any experience in the field?
No. I was pre eng student. I failed to get admission in NED. So my uncle who
has done double masters in CS from UK recommend me to take admission in
UBIT.

3-What changes do you think have taken place in recent years in this industry?
Now everything happens at cyberspace here. When I was in Pakistan, they had
recently moved to database from file systems, work there was not much web
based then. However now Cloud computing is the new normal. It has become
mainstream now. Now we focus more on that and web based development.
4- As youve studied at UBIT, what do you think lacks in our course or we,
the students and how can we overcome these issues?
What I think lacks is the focus on practice, we focus more on theory instead
of practice. There should be 50% weightage of practical. Other than that,
education is made a real bear there, it should be made more flexible.

5- Which skills will be most in demand in next ten years?


As I said earlier, cloud computing and web based development. But you can
not be sure of this industry, there is always a change awaiting in the
corner.
6-Any advice for us?

The best advice I can give is to get into practical field. Student usually
worry about their programming, I myself was not good at it but when I
joined industry, I got better with time. And to keep up with modern
technology.
Interviews ( Continue )
Syed Muhammad Khalil Ghaus

Senior iOS Mobile App Developer

A goal oriented person with a vast experience in iOS development who cannot only deliver
strong apps but can leverage average apps and turn them into masterpieces. A bvery good
team worker with a strong technical expertise. He graduated in 2008.

1-During the time you were studying, did you have in internship? and how you managed
studies and your work?
During my tenure as a student, I did one internship which was quiet difficult, as some days I
had to come to university directly from office. The answer to how I coupe up with studies is
teamwork. My friends helped me with the things I missed.

2-Before getting in this field, did you have any experience in the cs field?
No I didnt have any idea about the CS field. As in my family, no one had ever been in CS field
neither had I worked in this field before.

3-Which field did you work in?


I worked in Software Development, specifically in mobile app development.
4-What changes do you think have taken place in recent years in this
industry?
In recent years, technology evolved so much that we have to coup up with
latest knowledge on daily basis, and this, is the key to succeed
professionally .

5-As youve studied at UBIT, what do you think lacks in our course or
students and how can we overcome these issues?
Courses are perfectly assembled, there is no lack in it. But the attitude
counts. Both the faculty and the students. During my tenure some very
helpful courses were not taught in the way they should be and what
was the result, it was lack of interest. Now I regret for my lack of
interest. Self-study is one par . For the last part of the answer, Id say
Dont shy away to ask questions whether you are asking correctly or
wrongly.

6-Is there much difference in BSSE and BSCS in market, which one do you
think is preferred more at hiring?
I have friends from both. Both are doing good in their respective fields.
But mostly people here ask for BSCS during hiring process.

7-Where we stand in the IT world, i mean as an alumni.


8-Which skills will be most in demand in next ten years?
Well to be honest I cant tell the answer. Every day is a new day for the new
things. Just have good command on what you do and make your basics skills
strong.

9-What should the salary of a fresh graduate? and what does it depend on?
Fresh graduates shall look for the knowledge not money and this is not a
saying this comes from experience. Should strive for the point where people
will require your services more than you need them. It will only come with
hard work and knowledge.

10-Any advice for us?


My advice for the upcoming graduates is that, Be good in knowledge and
business skills. The combo of both will make you help achieve many goals in
life.
Example
2
Which of the following can be the beginning
address of a block that contains 256
addresses?
a.205.16.37.32 b.190.16.42.0
c.17.17.32.0 d.123.45.24.52
Solution
In this case, the right-most byte must be 0.
As we mentioned earlier, the IP addresses
use base 256 arithmetic. When the right-
most byte is 0, the total address is divisible
by 256. Only two addresses are eligible (b
Example 3

Which of the following can be the beginning


address of a block that contains 1024
addresses?
a. 205.16.37.32 b.190.16.42.0
c. 17.17.32.0 d.123.45.24.52
Solution
In this case, we need to check two bytes
because
1024 = 4 256. The right-most byte must
be divisible by 256. The second byte (from
the right) must be divisible by 4. Only one
Example 4

What is the first address in the block if one of the


addresses is 167.199.170.82/27?
Solution
The prefix length is 27, which means that we must
keep the first 27 bits as is and change the
remaining bits (5) to 0s. The following shows the
process
Address in(Anding):
binary: 10100111 11000111 10101010
01010010
Mask: 11111111 11111111 11111111 11100000
Keep the left 27 bits: 10100111 11000111 10101010 01000000

Result in CIDR notation: 167.199.170.64/27


Example 5

What is the first address in the block if one of the


addresses is 140.120.84.24/20?

Solution
Next Figure shows the solution. The first, second,
and fourth bytes are easy; for the third byte we
keep the bits corresponding to the number of 1s in
that group. The first address is 140.120.80.0/20.
Example 5
Example 7

Find the number of addresses in the block if one of


the addresses is 140.120.84.24/20.

Solution
The prefix length is 20. The number of addresses in
the block is 23220 or 212 or 4096. Note that
this is a large block with 4096 addresses.
Example 8

Find the last address in the block if one of the


addresses is 140.120.84.24/20.

Solution
We found in the previous examples that the first
address is 140.120.80.0/20 and the number of
addresses is 4096. To find the last address, we
need to add 4095 (4096 1) to the first address.
Example 8 (Continued)

To keep the format in dotted-decimal notation, we


need to represent 4095 in base 256 and do the
calculation in base 256. We write 4095 as 15.255.
We then add the first address to this number (in
base 255) to obtain the last address as shown
below:
140 . 120 . 80 . 0
15 . 255
-------------------------
140 . 120 . 95 . 255
The last address is 140.120.95.255/20.
Another Solution

The mask has twenty 1s and twelve 0s. The


complement of the mask has twenty 0s and twelve
1s. In other words, the mask complement is

00000000 00000000 00001111 11111111

or 0.0.15.255. We add the mask complement to the


beginning address to find the last address.
Example 10

Find the block if one of the addresses is


190.87.140.202/29.

Solution
We follow the procedure in the previous examples to find the
first address, the number of addresses, and the last address.
To find the first address, we notice that the mask (/29) has five
1s in the last byte (11111111 11111111 1111111 11111000).
So we write the last byte as powers of 2 and retain only the
leftmost five as shown in next slide:
Example 10 (Continued)

202 128 + 64 + 0 + 0 + 8 + 0 + 2 + 0
The leftmost 5 numbers are 128 + 64 + 0 + 0 + 8 =200
The first address is 190.87.140.200/29
The number of addresses is 23229 or 8.
To find the last address, we use the complement
of the mask. The mask has twenty-nine 1s; the
complement has three 1s. The complement is
0.0.0.7.
If we add this to the first address, we get
190.87.140.207/29. In other words, the first
address is 190.87.140.200/29, the last address is
190.87.140.207/29. There are only 8 addresses in
Example 11

Show a network configuration for the block in the


previous example.
Solution
The organization that is granted the block in the
previous example can assign the addresses in the
block to the hosts in its network. However, the first
address needs to be used as the network address
and the last address is kept as a special address
(limited broadcast address). Figure in next slide
shows how the block can be used by an
organization.
Note that the last address ends with 207,
Example 11

Noteworthy points -
In classless addressing,
the last address in the
block does not
necessarily end in 255.
In CIDR notation, the
block granted is defined
by the first address and
Variable Length
Subnetting
In fixed-length subnetting, the
number of subnets is a power of 2.
Whereas, in variable length
subnetting, when an organization
is granted a block of addresses, it
can create subnets to meet its
needs.
The prefix length increases to
define the subnet prefix length.
Example
5.32

An organization is granted the block


130.34.12.64/26. The organization needs 4
subnets. What is the subnet prefix length?

Solution
We need 4 subnets, which means we need
to add two more 1s (log2 4 = 2) to the site
prefix. The subnet prefix is then /28.
Example
5.32

What are the subnet addresses and the range of


addresses for each subnet in the previous
example?
Solution

The site has a total of 23226 = 64 addresses.


Each subnet has 23228 = 16 addresses.
Now let us find the first and last address in each
subnet.
Example 5.32
Example 5.32 (Continued)

1. The first address in the first subnet is


130.34.12.64/28, using the procedure we
showed in the previous examples. Note that
the first address of the first subnet is the
first address of the block.
2. The last address of the subnet can be found
by adding 15 (16 1) to the first address.
The last address is 130.34.12.79/28.
Example 5.32 (Continued)

2.The first address in the second subnet


is 130.34.12.80/28; it is found by adding
1 to the last address of the previous
subnet. Again adding 15 to the first
address, we obtain the last address,
130.34.12.95/28.
3. Similarly, we find the first address of
the third subnet to be 130.34.12.96/28
and the last to be 130.34.12.111/28.
4. Similarly, we find the first address of
the fourth subnet to be 130.34.12.112/28
and the last to be 130.34.12.127/28.
Example 5.32

Broadcast address: 130.34.12.95/28

Broadcast address: 130.34.12.79/28


Another Example

An organization is granted a block of addresses


with the beginning address 14.24.74.0/24. There
are 23224= 256 addresses in this block. The
organization needs to have 11 subnets as shown
below:
a. two subnets, each with 64 addresses.
b. two subnets, each with 32 addresses.
c. three subnets, each with 16 addresses.
d. four subnets, each with 4 addresses.
Design the subnets.
Another Example -
Solution
An organization is granted a block of addresses with
the beginning address 14.24.74.0/24. There are
23224= 256 addresses in this block.
8
What is the current number of host bits?
The organization needs to have 11 subnets as shown
below:
a. two subnets, each with 64 addresses.
. 64 addresses need 6 host bits. So we can use 8-6
= 2 bits for subnet
. The prefix is thus 24+2 = /26
. The two subnets are 14.24.74.00000000 and
14.24.74.01000000, or
. 14.24.74.0/26 and 14.24.74.64/26
Another Example Solution
cont.
b. two subnets, each with 32 addresses.
. 32 addresses need 5 host bits. So we can use 8-5 = 3 bits
for subnet
. The prefix is thus 24+3 = /27
. The 2 subnets are 14.24.74.10000000 and
14.24.74.10100000, or
. 14.24.74.128/27 and 14.24.74.160/27

c. three subnets, each with 16 addresses.


. 16 addresses need 4 host bits. So we can use 8-4 = 4 bits
for subnet
. The prefix is thus 24+4 = /28
. The three subnets are 14.24.74.11000000 and
14.24.74.11010000, and 14.24.74.11100000 or
. 14.24.74.192/28, 14.24.74.208/28 and 14.24.74.224/28
Another Example Solution
cont.
d. four subnets, each with 4 addresses.
. 4 addresses need 2 host bits. So we can use 8-2 = 6 bits
for subnet
. The prefix is thus 24+6 = /30
. The four subnets are 14.24.74.11110000, 14.24.74.
11110100, 14.24.74.11111000, and 14.24.74.11111100
. or 14.24.74.240/30, 14.24.74.244/30, 14.24.74.248/30
and 14.24.74.252/30
We need 4 bits for addresses
Another Example (2^4=16)
Add 1 more bit to the mask (/28)
Use 11000000 (192) to 11100000
(224) for 3 subnets with 16
addresses each
Subdivide the rest into subnets
We need 5 bits for addresses
with less addresses
(2^5=32)
We need 2 bits for addresses Add 1 more bit to the mask (/27)
(2^2=4) Use 10000000 (128) and 10100000
Add 2 more bits to the mask (/30) (160) for 2 subnets with 32 addresses
Use 11110000 (240) to 11111100 each
(252) for 4 subnets with 4 addresses Subdivide the rest into subnets
each with less addresses

We need 6 bits for addresses (2^6=64)


Add the rest 2 bits to the mask (/26)
Use 00000000 (0) and 01000000(64) for
2 subnets with 64 addresses each
Subdivide the rest into subnets
with less addresses

One possible configuration


Example
5.34

As another example, assume a company has three


offices: Central, East, and West. The Central office
is connected to the East and West offices via
private, point-to-point WAN lines. The company is
granted a block of 64 addresses with the beginning
address 70.12.100.128/26. The management has
decided to allocate 32 addresses for the Central
office and divides the rest of addresses between
the two offices.
Example 5.34 cont.

1. The number of addresses are assigned as follows:

2. We can find the prefix length for each subnetwork:

ext figure shows the configuration designed by the managem


Example 5.34
Add 1 more bit to the mask (/28)
Use 10100000 (160) and 10110000 (176)
for
2 subnets with 16 addresses
- (160 for nw, 161 to 174 for hosts, 175 for
broadcast) for one
- (176 for nw, 177 to 190 for hosts, 191 for
broadcast) for the other

Add 1 bit to the mask (/27)


Use 10000000 (128) for
1 subnet with 32 addresses (128 for nw,
129 to 158 for hosts, 159 for broadcast)
for Central office
Subdivide the rest into subnets
with less addresses00
Example 5.34 (Continued)

The company will have three subnets, one at


Central, one at East, and one at West. The following
lists the subblocks allocated for each network:
a. The Central office uses the network address
70.12.100.128/27. This is the first address, and the
mask /27 shows that there are 32 addresses in this
network. Note that three of these addresses are
used for the routers and the company has reserved
the last address in the sub-block. The addresses in
this subnet are 70.12.100.128/27 to
70.12.100.159/27.
Example 5.34 (Continued)

b. The West office uses the network address


70.12.100.160/28. The mask /28 shows that
there are only 16 addresses in this network.
Note that one of these addresses is used for
the router and the company has reserved the
last address in the sub-block. The addresses
in this subnet are 70.12.100.160/28 to
70.12.100.175/28.
Example 5.34 (Continued)

c. The East office uses the network address


70.12.100.176/28. The mask /28 shows that there
are only 16 addresses in this network. Note that
one of these addresses is used for the router and
the company has reserved the last address in the
sub-block. The addresses in this subnet are
70.12.100.176/28 to 70.12.100.191/28.
d. Note that the interfaces of the routers that connect
to the WANs can be assigned from small subnets of
blocksize of 4, for example, 70.12.100.192/30 and
70.12.100.196/30.
e. (The book says that these interfaces need no IP
address because these are point-to-point
connection, but in reality WAN interfaces are also
assigned IP addresses.)
Address Allocation
Address allocation is the
responsibility of RIPE NCC in the
Europe, Part of Asia, and the
Middle East.
It usually assigns a large block of
addresses to an ISP to be
distributed to its Internet users.
Example
5.35

An ISP is granted a block of addresses starting with


190.100.0.0/16 (65,536 addresses). The ISP needs
to distribute these addresses to three groups of
customers as follows:
a. The first group has 64 customers; each needs 256
addresses.
b. The second group has 128 customers; each needs
128 addresses
c. The third group has 128 customers; each needs 64
addresses.
Design the subblocks and find out how many
addresses are still available after these allocations.
Example 5.35 (Continued)

Group 1
For this group, each of 64 customers needs 256
addresses. This means the suffix length is 8 (28
=256). The prefix length is then 32 8 = 24. The
addresses are:
1st address Last address
1st Customer 190.100.0.0/24 190.100.0.255/24
2nd Customer 190.100.1.0/24 190.100.1.255/24
...
64th Customer 190.100.63.0/24 190.100.63.255/24
Total = 64 256 = 16,384
Example 5.35 (Continued)

Group 2
For this group, each of 128 (2x64) customers needs
128 addresses. This means the suffix length is 7 (27
=128). The prefix length is then 32 7 = 25. The
addresses are:
1st address Last address
1st Customer 190.100.64.0/25 190.100.64.127/25
256 addresses
divided among
2nd Customer
2 customers 190.100.64.128/25 190.100.64.255/25
3rd Customer 190.100.65.0/25 190.100.65.127/25

127th Customer 190.100.127.0/25


190.100.127.127/25
128th Customer 190.100.127.128/25 190.100.127.255/25
64+63=127
Example 5.35 (continued)

Group 3
For this group, each of the 128 (4x32) customers
needs 64 addresses. This means the suffix length is
6 (26 = 64). The prefix length is then 32 6 = 26.
The addresses
1st Customer are:
190.100.128.0/26
256 addresses
190.100.128.63/26
2nd Customer 190.100.128.64/26 190.100.128.127/26
divided among
3rd Customer 4 customers
190.100.128.128/26 190.100.128.191/26
4th Customer 190.100.128.192/26 190.100.128.255/26

5th Customer 190.100.129.0/26 190.100.129.63/26

125th Customer 190.100.159.0/26 190.100.159.63/26


126th Customer 190.100.159.64/26 190.100.159.127/26
127th Customer 190.100.159.128/26 190.100.159.191/26
128th Customer 190.100.159.192/26 190.100.159.255/26

Total = 128 64 = 8,192 128+31=15


9
Example 5.35 (continued)

Number of granted addresses to the ISP: 65,536


Number of allocated addresses by the ISP: 16,384
+ 16,384 + 8,192 = 40,960
Number of available addresses: 24,576
Exercise
An ISP is granted a block of addresses starting with
220.45.39.0/24 (256 addresses). The ISP needs to
distribute these addresses to two groups of customers
as follows:
a. The first group has 4 customers; each needs 32
addresses.
b. The second group has 4 customers; each needs 16
addresses.

Design the subblocks and find out how many addresses


are still available after these allocations.

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