Gradient Divergence

b

S dl S b S a V d
V
V da
S
a 2

1.5
10
1
5 b
0.5
a
0
0

Y
-5 -0.5

-10 -1
100
100 -1.5
50
50
-2
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
0 0 X

Curl

V da

S
V dl
P
 Maxwells Equations

I. Gauss Law: relation between a charge distribution and the electric field

E field lines

+ -

point charge 1 q
E r r
4 0 r 2

good for point charges.

 1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0 -
+
-0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

-1
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
 Gauss Law (integral form)

q
S E da 0

da
E Gauss
+

- Regardless of closed volume shape.

- Regardless of charge arrangement.

Gauss Law more useful with symmetry:

da
E

q
Er da
S
0
q
Er 4r
2

0
1 q 1 q
Er E r r
4 0 r 2 4 0 r 2
 q
S E da 0 V d V da
V S

Gauss Law Divergence Theorem

q
V Ed 0
1
V Ed 0 V d
1 Gauss Law
E (differential form)
0
 1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0 -
+
-0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

-1
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
E field in some region described by:

E kr 3r
Find charge in a sphere R with int. and dif. forms.
q 1
S E da 0 E
0
1 2
q spherical divergence: r Er
kR da
3
r r
2

0
S 1 2 3 1
q r kr
kR 4R
3 2 r r
2
0
0
1
5kr 2

q 4 0 kR 5 0

5 0 kr 2 (insight!)
 q d
V

R 2
q 0
5 kr 2
r 2
sin dr d d
0 0 0

q 5 0 k 15 R 5 2 2

q 4 0 kR 5
II. Gauss Law for Magnetism: relation between magnetic monopole
distribution and the magnetic field

B da 0
S
B 0

The Valentines Day Monopole Cabrera

First Results from a Superconductive Detector for Moving Magnetic

Monopoles
Blas Cabrera
Physics Department, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
Received 5 April 1982

A velocity- and mass-independent search for moving magnetic monopoles is

being performed by continuously monitoring the current in a 20-cm 2-area
superconducting loop. A single candidate event, consistent with one Dirac
unit of magnetic charge, has been detected during five runs totaling 151
days. These data set an upper limit of 6.110 -10 cm-2 sec-1 sr-1 for magnetically
charged particles moving through the earth's surface.

PRL 48, p1378 (1982)

III. Faradays Law: A changing magnetic field induces an electric field.

Faraday

emf 0

B
emf
t
Force on conduction electrons:

F
F
v

F q E v B

Forces cancel: emf 0

Force on conduction electrons:

F
F
v

F q E v B

Forces dont cancel: emf 0

 Moving coil in a varying B field:

F q E v B

Forces dont cancel: emf 0

F
F

v
 Stationary coil with moving B source:

v
F q E v B

v0

But we still get an emf

E
E Only left with:

F qE
Electric field must be created!
 Stationary coil and B source, but
increasing B strength:

emf 0
In general:
B
emf
t
i
E
E
CE d l t SB da
Faradays Law
(integral form)
Apply Stokes Theorem:

V da

S
V dl
C

S E da t SB da

B
E
t

Faradays Law
(differential form)
IV. Amperes Law

B d l 0ienclosed
C

B More general:
i

B d l 0 J da
C S

J = free current density

Something is
missing..

Ampere Maxwell
 Charging a capacitor

J da
B dl
C
S

- +
- +
- +
i - +
- +
 Charging a capacitor

J da 0
S
B dl
C

- +
- +
- +
i - +
- +

Maxwell: the changing electric field in the

capacitor is also a current.
 J E

B d l 0
C
S
t
0 da

Ampere-Maxwell Eqn.
(Integral Form)
Displacement current

Get Stoked:

B da 0 J E

S
S
t
0 da

Ampere-Maxwell Eqn.
B 0 J 0E (differential form)
t
Maxwells Equations in Free Space with
no free charges or currents

E 0

B 0

B Ampere Maxwell
E
t Your Name Gauss
Here!
Faraday

B 0 0 E
t