BAA2113

THEORY OF STRUCTURE
SESSION 2012/2013 SEMESTER I

CHAPTER 3
ANALYSIS OF
STATICALLY DETERMINATE
PLANE TRUSSES

EN MOHAMMAD AMIRULKHAIRI
BIN ZUBIR
ANALYSIS OF STATICALLY
DETERMINATE TRUSSES

OUTLINE:
Introduction and Types of Trusses
Analysis of Truss Structure Reaction
Method of Joints
Method of Sections
Analysis of Displacement
Unit Load Method
 INTRODUCTION TO
TRUSS
TRUSS structure composed of slender member
joined together at their end points
Commonly construct consist of wooden struts and
metal bars (steel)
Connection joints by bolting or welding to
gusset plate (See App.1)
Objective : To determine the reactions and
member forces
Three methods to carry out the analysis of
statically determinate trusses
Method of Joints
Method of Section
Unit Load Method
Appendix A1

BACK
 TYPES OF
TRUSSES
Roof Trusses:
They are often used as part of an industrial
building frame
Roof load is transmitted to the truss at the
joints
by means of a series of purlins (See App.2)

Bridge Trusses:
Stability is provided by the portal & sway
bracing
Some typical forms of bridge trusses (See
App.3)
Appendix A2

BACK
Appendix A3

BACK
 ANALYSIS OF
STATICALLY DETERMINATE
PLANE TRUSSES
USING

PART 1
*METHOD OF JOINTS*
 METHOD OF
JOINTS
If a truss is in equilibrium, the method of joints
consist of satisfying the equilibrium conditions Fx =
0 and Fy = 0
When using this method, it is necessary to draw
each joints free body diagram (FBD) before applying
the equation
Applications of equilibrium equations, two algebraic
equations that can be solved for the two unknowns
 METHOD OF
IMPORTANT
IMPORTANT JOINTS
THING
THING !!!
!!!

Always assume the unknown member forces

acting on the joints free body diagram to be in
tension
Numerical solution of the equilibrium equation will
yield positive (+) scalars for members in tension
& negative
(-) for those in compression
The correct sense of direction of an unknown
member force can in many cases be determined
by inspection
A positive (+) answer indicates that the sense is
correct, whereas a negative (-) answer indicates
 METHOD OF
JOINTS
Simple guidelines for analysis:
1. Draw the FBD
2. Solve reactions
3. Select joint with minimum number of unknowns

(preferably only 2 unknowns)

4. Analyze magnitude of forces using equilibrium
equation
5. Proceed to other joints, concentrating with
joints that
has minimum no. of unknowns
6. Check member forces at unused joint/ s
7. Tabulate the value of member forces tension
 EXAMPLE 1

Using method of joints, determine the force in each

member of the trusses shown (assume L = 1m).

60kN

B L C

60o
A D
L L
E

120kN
 SOLUTION
EXAMPLE 1
Free Body Diagram (FBD)

60kN

B C

Find Reaction:

RA = 75 kN
RD = 105 kN
E D
HA = 0
A

120kN
 SOLUTION
EXAMPLE 1
Joint A
FAB
FBC

FAE
-86.6 kN FBE

+75 kN
Joint B
Fy=0, Fy=0,
75 + FAB sin 60 = 0 -FBE sin 60 (-86.6 sin 60) = 0
FAB = -86.6 kN FBE = +86.6 kN

Fx=0, Fx=0,
FAE + FAB cos 60 =F 0BC (-86.6 cos 60) + FBE cos 60 = 0
FAE + (-86.6) cos 60 =FBC
0 + 86.6 cos 60 + 86.6 cos 60 = 0
FAE = +43.3 kN FBC = -86.6kN
 SOLUTION
EXAMPLE 1
Joint D
60 kN
FDC

+86.6 kN
FDE

FCE -121.2 kN
+105 kN
Joint C

Fy=0, Fy=0,
105 + FDC sin 60 = 0 - 60 (-121.2 sin60) - FCE sin 60 = 0
FDC = -121.2 kN FCE = +51.9 kN

Fx=0,
-FDE FDC cos 60 =0
-FDE (-121.2 cos 60) = 0
FDE = +60.6 kN
 SOLUTION
EXAMPLE 1
Checking at Joint E

+86.6 kN+51.9 kN

+43.3 kN +60.6 kN

+120 kN

Fx=0,
-43.3 86.6 cos 60 +51.9 cos 60 + 60.6 = 0
0 = 0 (OK)

Fy=0,
-120 + 86.6 sin 60 + 51.9 sin 60 = 0
0 = 0 (OK)
 SOLUTION
EXAMPLE 1
Member Force (kN) Condition
FBD
AB - 86.6 Comp.
60kN
BC -86.6 Comp.
B C
CD - 121.2 Comp.

DE + 60.6 Tension

EA + 43.3 Tension
A D
BE + 86.6 Tension E

CE + 51.9 Tension 120kN

 EXERCISE
Using method of Joints, determine the forces in each
member of
the truss shown. D
C 20kN

1m

B E

1m

A F

1m
 FOOD OF
MIND
Using method of Joints, determine the forces in each member of the
truss shown.

100 kN

B C D

50 kN 4m

20 kN E
A F

4m 4m 4m
 ANALYSIS OF
STATICALLY DETERMINATE
TRUSSES
USING

PART 2
*METHOD OF SECTIONS*
 LESSON OUTCOMES

Identify zero force members in trusses

Identify internal forces in trusses by using
method of section
Zero force member

CASE 1
When two members
meet at an unloaded
joint
CASE 2
When three members meet at an
unloaded joint, where two are in line

CASE 3
When two members meet at a
loaded joint, where the
loading is in line with one of
the members
Find zero force member

3 2
Find zero force member

1
METHOD OF
SECTIONS
This method is an effective method when the forces in
all member of a truss are to be determined
This method consists of passing an imaginary section
through the truss, thus cutting it into two parts
Provided the entire truss is in equilibrium, each of the
two parts must also be in equilibrium Fx = 0 and
Fy = 0
The three equations of equilibrium may be applied to
either one of these two parts to determine the member
forces at the cut section
A decision must be made as to how to cut the truss
generally not more than 3 members
 METHOD OF SECTIONS
Example:
Max. 3
members
P1 P2 P1 P2

A B C D
FBC

FBE

FFE

Find force in member BC

FBD
Fast Track
Solutions
1st Condition
2nd Condition

Fxy Fxw

Fxy
1800 When 2 members
perpendicular
at 900, NO external force
At any , NO external force acting at
acting
joint the Fxw = Fyz = 0
at the joint then Fxy = 0
 Load
Conditions
w
wL/2 wL/2

L
L L

w
2

L L Used equation of
x equilibrium
 Load
Conditions
w

L
L L

1/6(wL) 1/3(wL)

L
METHOD OF
SECTIONS
Simple guidelines for analysis;
1. Pass a section through a maximum of three
members,
one of which is desired member (divide the
truss into
two completely separate parts)
2. For one part of the truss only, take moment
about the
point where the two members intersect
3. Solve for the member force (M = 0)
4. Solve the other two unknowns using
equilibrium
 EXAMPLE 1

Using method of sections, determine the force in

members
identified (CD, CI, EI and HI) for the trusses shown
24 kN 24 kN

B C D E F

1.5 m

A G
J I H

4 @ 2m
 SOLUTION
EXAMPLE 1
Free Body Diagram (FBD)
Find Reactions:
24 kN 24 kN

B C D E F MA = 0 (clockwise +ve)
= 24(2) + 24(4) RG(8)
RG= 18 kN

FY = 0 (upward +ve)
HA J I H = RA + RG 24 -24
1 2 = RA + 18 48
RA RG
RA= 30 kN

FX = 0 = HA
 SOLUTION
EXAMPLE 1
Consider LHS and FBD:
24 kN
B C tan = 2 / 1.5
FCD = 53.130

FCI
MI = 0
A = FCD (1.5) 24(2) + 30(4)
0 FJI
J I FCD= -48 kN
30 kN

Fy = 0
= 30 24 FCI cos 53.13
FCI = 10 kN
 SOLUTION
EXAMPLE 1
Consider RHS and FBD:

E F
FED

FEI
ME = 0
FHI G = FHI(1.5) 24(2)
I H
FHI= 24 kN
18 kN

Fy = 0
= FEI cos 53.13 +18
FEI = 30 kN
 SOLUTION
EXAMPLE 1
Summary of results:

Member Force
(kN)
CD -- 48

CI + 10

EI + 30

HI 24
 EXERCISE
Determine the force in members GE,GC and BC for the truss
shown
below

G E
400kN

3m

A D
B C

1200kN

4m 4m 4m
 EXERCISE
(SOLUTION)
G E
400kN

3m

A D
B C

1200kN

M A 0,
RD (12) 1200(8) 400(3) 0
RD 900 kN

Fy 0,
RA RD 1200 0
RA 1200 900
RA 300 kN

Fx 0,
HA 400 0
HA 400 kN
 EXERCISE
(SOLUTION)

MG 0,
300( 4) ( 400 3) FBC (3) 0 FGE

FBC 800kN
FGC

-400 FBC
Fy 0,
300 FGC ( 3 ) 0 300
5
FGC 500kN

MC 0,
FGE (3) 300(8) 0
FGE 800kN
 FOOD OF
MIND
D E 20 kN
20 kN 5 kN

3m C

C F 5 kN 10 kN
15 kN 5 kN 1m

3m B D

B G 1m
10 kN 5 kN
A E
3m H G F
1m 1m 1m 1m
A H
4m

Determine force in members Determine force in members

AB, AG, HG and BC, CF, EF BC,BG,GH and CD,DG,GF
 ANALYSIS OF
STATICALLY DETERMINATE
PLANE TRUSSES
USING

PART 3
DEFLECTION USING UNIT
LOAD METHOD
 METHOD OF VIRTUAL WORK :
TRUSSES
-Unit Load Method-
To determine the displacement
(vertical and horizontal) at selected
joint of determinate truss
 WHY THE DISSPLACEMENT
OCCUR ???

Loading Temperatur Fabrication.

nNL e... ..
1. 1. nTL 1. n L
AE
 nNL
1.
AE

1 = external virtual unit load

n = internal virtual normal force in a truss member
caused by the external virtual unit load
= external joit displacement
N = internal normal force in a truss member cause by
the real load.
L = length of a member
A = cross sectional area of a member
E = modulus of elasticity of a member
EXAMPLE 1
 EXAMPLE 1

Each member of truss have A = 400 mm2

and E = 200 Gpa.
a. Determine the vertical displacement at
joint F
b. Determine the horizontal
10 kN/m
displacement
at joint B B
C
D

4m

A E
G F

10 kN

3m 3m 3m
 Member N
REAL AG 20
CASE AB -
33.34
10 kN/m BC -
B D
21.26
C
BG 10
4m
BF 2.09
A E
G F GF 20
10 kN CD 0
3m 3m 3m
CE -
35.42
CF -1.67
FE 21.25
ED -
 VIRTUAL Member n
CASE.
vertical AG 0.25
displacement AB -0.41
at F BC -0.5
BG 0
C
B D
BF 0.41
4m GF 0.25
A E CD 0
G F
CE -0.84
1 kN

3m 3m 3m CF 0.67
FE 0.5
ED 0
 VIRTUAL CASE. Member n
horizontal AG 0.67
displacement at AB 0.56
B
BC -0.34
BG 0
B C
1 kN D
BF -0.56
4m GF 0.67
A E CD 0
G F
CE -0.57
3m 3m 3m CF 0.46
FE 0.33
ED 0
a. Determine the vertical displacement at
joint F n
Membe N L nNL
r
AG 0.25 20 3 15

AB -0.41 -33.34 5 68.35

BC -0.5 -21.26 3 31.89

BG 0 10 4 0

BF 0.41 2.09 5 4.28

GF 0.25 20 3 15

CD 0 0 3 0

CE -0.84 -35.42 5 148.76

CF 0.67 -1.67 4 -4.4

FE 0.5 21.25 3 31.88

ED 0 -14.99 4 0
Solve,
nNL
1.
AE
Determine the horizontal displacement at
joint B n
Membe N L nNL
r
AG
AB
BC
BG
BF
GF
CD
CE
CF
FE
ED
Solve,
nNL
1.
AE
 EXAMPLE 3

a. Determine the vertical displacement at

joint B
b. Determine the horizontal displacement
at joint A 100 kN
B C D

50 kN 4m

20 kN E
A F

4m 4m 4m
 REAL
Member N
CASE
AB
AF
100 kN
BF
B C D
FE
50 kN 4 m
BC
20 kN E
BE
A F
CE
4m 4m 4m
CD
ED
 VIRTUAL
CASE
Member n
Vertical
Displacement AB
at B AF
1 kN
BF
B C D
FE
4m BC
E
BE
A F
CE
4m 4m 4m
CD
ED
 VIRTUAL
CASE
Member n
Horizontal
Displacement AB
at A AF
BF
B C D
FE
4m BC
1 kN E
BE
A F
CE
4m 4m 4m
CD
ED
Determine the vertical displacement at
joint B n
Membe N L nNL
r
AB
AF
BF
FE
BC
BE
CE
CD
ED
TOTAL
Determine the horizontal displacement at
joint A n
Membe N L nNL
r
AB
AF
BF
FE
BC
BE
CE
CD
ED
TOTAL