Beruflich Dokumente
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Thermodynamics
Meeting 6
Section 4-1
So far weve studied two
forms of energy transfer
Work Energy (W)
*Equivalent to raising a weight
and
2
2
1
m( V 2 V1 )
2 2
2
The energy change in accelerating a mass of
10 kg from Vi= 0 to Vf = 10 m/s is?
1
KE m(Vf2 Vi2 )
2
2
1 m N
(10 kg 100 2 ) 1 500 N m
2 s kg m
2
s
J kJ
500 N m 0.5 kJ
N m 1,000 J
Gravity is another force acting
on our system. It shows up in
the potential energy change.
PE mg(z f z i )
mg(z 2 z 1 )
Work can be done by a change in
elevation of the system
NOTE THE CONVERSION
TO GET FROM m2/s2 to kJ/kg
2
m kJ
1000 2 1
s kg
E = U + PE + KE = Q W
Q W U
First Law Forms
for Stationary Systems
Differential Form: Q W dU
Rate Form: dU
Q W
dt
Integrated Form: 1 Q 2 1 W2 U 2 U1
We can also write the first law
in differential terms
dE = Q W, and
dU + dPE + dKE = Q W
Differential Differential
Change in the
amount of amount of energy
amount of energy
energy trans- transferred out
of the system
ferred in (+) (+) or in (-) by
during some time
or out (-) by work interaction.
interval.
heat transfer.
If we are analyzing a transient
process, well need the rate
form of the first law
dE dU dKE dPE
Q W
dt dt dt dt
Where: Q
W
Q W
dt dt
Rate form will allow us
to calculate:
Changes in temperature with time
Changes in pressure with time
Changes in speed with time
Changes in altitude with time
Hints to set up a problem
1. Define the system carefully indicating clearly
its boundaries.
2. Enroll all the simplifying hypothesis to the
case.
3. Draw the heat and work fluxes at the
boundaries including their signals.
4. Sketch a process representation on a
thermodynamic diagram Pv or Tv.
System Energy Change
E = Q W
E = (15 - 3) + 6
= (Qin Qout) = 18 kJ
(Wout Win)
Example 4-1
0.01 kg of air is compressed in a piston-cylinder.
Find the rate of temperature rise at an instant of
time when T = 400K. Work is being done at a
rate of 8.165 KW and Heat is being removed at a
rate of 1.0 KW.
E = Q - W
Solution - page 1
First Law: Q - W = E
Q = W = KE = PE = 0
E = U = m(u2 - u1) = 0
u1= u2
No Work and no Heat therefore the internal
Energy is kept constant
Solution - page 2
State 1: compressed liquid
P1 = 600 kPa, T1 = 60oC
vf = vf@60 C = 0.001017 m3/kg
o
Upper stops
m = 1 kg
Lower stops
T1 = 100oC
Wb
V1 = 0.835 m3
Water
V2 = 0.841 m3
Q
T-v Diagram
T
211.3 kPa
200 kPa
101.3 kPa
v1 v2 v
Solution - page 1
3 3
V1 0.835 m m
v1 0.835
m 1 kg kg
State 1: saturated liquid-vapor mixture
T1 = 100oC,
vf=0.001044 m3/kg , vg=1.6729 m3/kg
vf < v < vg ==> saturation P1=101.35 kPa
Solution - page 2
Process 1-2: The volume stay constant until the pressure
increases to 200 kPa. Then the piston will move.
Process 2-3: Piston lifts off the bottom stop while the
pressure stays constant.
0 mP2 ( v 3 v 2 ) 0
m 3 kJ
(1 kg)( 200 kPa)(0.841 - 0.835) 3
kg m kPa
1.2 kJ (> 0, done by the system)
Example: Heat Transfer
Q
Solution - page 1
First Law: Conservation of Energy
Q - W = E = U + KE + PE
Q14 = Wb,14 + U14
U14 = m(u4 - u1)
Solution - page 2
State 1: saturated liquid-vapor mixture
v1 v f 0.835 0.001044
x1 0.4988
v g v f 1.6729 0.001044
u1 u f x1u fg
kJ kJ kJ
418.94 0.4988( 2087.6 ) 1460.23
kg kg kg
Solution - page 3
State 4: saturated vapor state
v4 = 0.841 m3/kg = vg
u4 = 2531.48 kJ/kg (interpolation)
2atm
Q=50W
2litros Processo a v constante
T P1=2atm
x=0,5
P2=1atm
0
dQ dW dU
1 Lei :
dt dt dt
dU
Q Mdu Q dt v
dt
M (u2 u1 ) Q dt
Vol. Estado1 = Vol. Estado2
P1=0,2MPa v=(1-x)vL+xvG
Tsat=120C
v=0,5*0,001+0,5*0,8919
v1L=0,001m3/kg v1=v2=0,446m3/kg
v1G=0,8919m3/kg Ttulo estado2:
u1L=503,5KJ/kg v vL 0,446 0,001
x2 0,266
u1G=2025,8KJ/kg vG vL 1,672
x=0,5 Energia interna estado2:
P2=0,1MPa u2=(1-x)u2L+xu2G
Tsat=100C u2=0,734*418+0,266*2087,5
v2L=0,001m3/kg u2=862KJ/kg
v2G=1,6729m3/kg Energia interna estado1:
u2L=418,9KJ/kg u1=(1-x)u1L+xu1G
u2G=2087,5KJ/kg u1=0,5*503+0,5*2025,8
u1=1264KJ/kg
Massa de gua
v=V/MM=V/v
M=2*10-3/0,446
M=0,004kg
Aplicando na 1Lei:
3
M(u 2 u1 ) 4 10 (1264 862)10 3
dt
Q 50
dt 32s
TEAMPLAY EX. 4-7
A powerful 847 W blender is used to raise 1.36kg of
water from a temperature of 20oC to 70oC. If the
water loses heat to the surroundings at the rate of
0.176 W, how much time will the process take?
Ex4.7)
1HP=745W Wmec0
1lbm=0,453kg
C=(F-32)/1,8
1Btu=1,055J
Wmec=1,2HP=894W
68F=20C (gua no estado lquido) M=1,359kg Q<0
158F=70C (gua no estado lquido)
Q=10Btu/min=0,176W
3lbm=1,359kg dU dT
cv=cp=4,180KJ/kgC
QW MC v
dt dt
dT 0,176 ( 894) C
0,157
dt 1,359 4,180 10 3
s
(70 20)
t 317s 5'17"
0,157
TEAMPLAY EX. 4-10
Air, assumed to be ideal gas with constant specific
heats, is compressed in a closed piston-cylinder
device in a reversible polytropic process with n =
1.27. The air temperature before compression is
30oC and after compression is 130oC. Compute the
heat transferred on the compression process.
Ex4.10) W Pdv
T2 Pv n const.
P
T1=30C(303K) P V P1 V1 MR(T2 T1 )
T1 W 2 2
2 T2=130C(403K) 1n 1n
Trabalho especfico
n=1,27 R(T2 T1 ) 297 100 KJ
1 w2 110
n=1 1n 0,27 kg
Calor 1 Lei
1
1 q 2 1 w 2 (u 2 u 1 )
v 1 q 2 C v T 1 w 2
KJ
1 q 2 0,7165 110 110 38,3
kg