QSM 602 - Temporary Works

MYSARAH MAISHAM
DEPARTMENT OF QS 2009
MYSARAH MAISHAM
DEPARTMENT OF QS 2009 QSM 602
Content
1.0 COFFERDAM
1.1 Functions
1.2 Factors to be considered in
selecting the type of cofferdam
1.3 Types of cofferdam
1.4 Design considerations
1.5 Safety requirements
1.6 Installation process
2.0 CAISSON
2.1 Functions
2.2 Types of Caisson
MYSARAH MAISHAM
QSM 602
1.1 Function
A cofferdam is a temporary structure designed to keep
water and/or soil out of the excavation in which a bridge pier
or other structure is built.
It is used to obtain access to ground that is normally under
water.
When construction must take place below the water level, a
cofferdam is built to give workers a dry work environment .
Made commonly of wood, concrete or steel sheet piling.
It is normally used to allow construction on the foundation of
permanent dams, bridges, and similar structures.
When the project is completed, the cofferdam may be
demolished or removed.
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QSM 602
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1.1 Function
A cofferdam usually consists of sheets of steel driven
into the ground to create a walled chamber.
The cofferdam is then
pumped dry to expose
the riverbed.
Soil can be excavated to
bedrock, or piles can be
driven to create the pier
foundation.
The cofferdam is removed
after the foundation and
pier are constructed.
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QSM 602
1.2 Factors to be considered in
selecting
Location onthe type
shore/off of cofferdam
shore/on land/in water
Depth and size of working area required inside
the cofferdam.
Accessibility of site.
Nature of the permanent works to be built.
Amount of water and earth to be excluded.
Soil conditions.
Water conditions.
Availability of materials and plants.
Possible effect of cofferdams on adjacent
structures.
Cost.
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QSM 602
Cofferdam can be categorised as Gravity
Cofferdam, Sheeted Cofferdam and Soil
Stabilisation.
However, the basic types of cofferdam includes:
a) Earth-Type Cofferdam
b) Crib Cofferdam
c) Braced Cofferdam
d) Cellular Cofferdam
e) Double-Walled Cofferdam
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QSM 602
Simplest type of
Cofferdam.
Formed by banks of soil or
rock.
Side slope depends on size
and shape of stone.
Consists of an earth bank
with a clay core or vertical
sheet piling enclosing the
excavation.
Suitable for large area.
Used for low-level waters
with low velocity.
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QSM 602
Easily scoured by water rising over the top, unless
using the rock fill type.
The top of the dam
should be at least
2 feet above the
water surface and
the top width not
less than 3 feet.
Problems occur in
removing the
earth & rock fill.
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QSM 602
b) Crib Cofferdam
Also known as Gravity Dam.
Formed by framework of
heavy timber or precast
concrete units, which are
laced together in a criss-
cross pattern to form
pockets.
The crib is constructed on
land and floated into place.
Units are secured by bolts and pockets are filled

with rock or rubble for stability.
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QSM 602
b) Crib Cofferdam
The crib side that
faces the water
can be made
water tight by
driving steel sheet
piling along it.
The crib can be
removed and use
repeatedly.
Used in rapid
currents or on
rocky river beds.
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QSM 602
c) Braced Cofferdam
Also known as Single-Skin
Cofferdam.
Formed from a single wall of
sheet piling.
The piles are driven into the
ground to form a box around
the excavation site.
The "box" is then braced on
the inside and interior is
dewatered.
Primarily used for bridge piers in shallow water (30 - 35 ft depth).
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QSM 602
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d) Cellular Cofferdam
Two main types are circular and segmental.
The cofferdams are made off contiguous bored piles or
diaphragm walling.
Can be used on a temporary or permanent basis, but
should be designed to integrate into permanent
structures.
Forces are resisted by the mass of the cofferdam.
Normally used where depth or vibration prevents driving
of steel sheet piles, and to form large cofferdams.
Are entirely self-supported and do not require any other
form of support (struts, braces and tie-rods)
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QSM 602
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e) Doubled-Wall Cofferdam
Consists of two-parallel rows of steel sheet piles driven into the
ground.
Tied together with anchors, then
filled with soil to give stability.
Three principle types:
a) Box: Consists of straight
flush
walls
b) Semicircular cells connected
by diaphragms
c) Circular cells connected with
tie-rods or diaphragms
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QSM 602
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1.4 Design Considerations
Scouring or undermining by rapidly flowing
water.
Stability against overturning or tilting.
Upward forces on outside edge due to tilting.
Stability against vertical shear.
Effects of forces resulting from ice, wave, water,
active and passive earth pressure.
MYSARAH MAISHAM
QSM 602
1.5 Safety Requirements
In cofferdam construction, safety is a
paramount concern, since workers will be
exposed to the hazard of flooding and collapse.
Safety requires: good design; proper
construction; verification that the structure is
being constructed as planned; monitoring the
behavior of the cofferdam and surrounding
area; provision of adequate access; light and
ventilation; and attention to safe practices on
the part of all workers and supervisors.
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QSM 602
MYSARAH MAISHAM
QSM 602
MYSARAH MAISHAM
QSM 602
8. Drive bearing piles.
9. Place rock fills as a leveling and support course.
10.Place tremie concrete seal.
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QSM 602
MYSARAH MAISHAM
QSM 602
2.1 Function
In engineering, a caisson is a retaining, watertight structure
used, for example, to work on the foundations of a bridge
pier, for the construction of a concrete dam, in or near a body
of water.
A large cylinder or box chamber
that is watertight, sunk into the
riverbed which allow people to
work underwater.
Usually made of steel but
sometimes of wood or reinforced
concrete.
The caisson will be brought down
through soft mud until a suitable
foundation material is encountered.
MYSARAH MAISHAM
QSM 602
2.1 Function
While bedrock is
preferred, a stable,
hard mud is
sometimes used when
bedrock is too deep.
The excavation and
foundation work takes
place within the
submerged caisson.
Some caissons are removed after construction, but can also be
left in place, filled with concrete, and used as part of a
permanent foundation.
MYSARAH MAISHAM
QSM 602
The basic types of cofferdam includes:
Box Caisson
Open Caisson
Compressed-air Caisson (Pneumatic
Caissons)
Monolith Caisson
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QSM 602
a) Box Caisson
Box caissons are pre-
fab concrete boxes
with sides and bottom
that are set down on a
pre-prepared base.
Once in place they will
be filled with concrete
to become part of the
permanent works, for
example the
foundation for a bridge
pier.
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QSM 602
a) Box Caisson
The box caisson is fabricated at a plant and then
towed afloat and submerged on a preliminarily
prepared seabed owing to being flooded with water.
After the box caisson
having been installed in
place, its double sides are
to be filled with concrete
to provide adequate
strength, and the
intermediate space is to
be filled with sand to
provide adequate stability.
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QSM 602
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(a) Box caisson floated into place with ballast as required.

(b) Caisson filled with appropriate material water may be pumped out first
b) Open Caisson
Similar to box caissons except that they do not have a bottom face.
They are suitable for use in soft clays (e.g. in some river-beds) but
not for where there may be large obstructions in the ground.
The open caisson is a

cylinder or box, open at the
top and bottom, of size and
shape to suit the projected
foundation and with a cutting
edge around the bottom.
It is sunk by its own weight
and by excavation, then filled
with concrete.
MYSARAH MAISHAM
QSM 602
MYSARAH MAISHAM
Open caissons permit excavation or other work to be carried out

inside the caisson.
The caisson will sink down into the soil as excavation proceeds.
Sections can be added on top to increase height.
Water can be pumped out to permit dry work
c) Compressed-air Caisson
(Pneumatic Caisson)
Compressed-air
caissons have the
advantage of providing
dry working conditions
which are better for
placing concrete.
They are also well
suited for foundations
for which other
methods might cause
settlement of adjacent
structures.
MYSARAH MAISHAM
QSM 602
c) Compressed-air Caisson
(Pneumatic
The workers
construction
Caisson)
operate
equipment
and excavate the soil
within the caisson walls
thus sinking the caisson
into the river-bed (or ocean
floor).
Compressed air is pumped
into the caisson and
regulated to ensure that
the caisson remains stable
and soil/mud/water do not
rush in through the bottom.
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QSM 602
d) Monolith Caisson
Monoliths are as their name suggests larger than the
other types but are similar to open caissons.
They are often found in quay walls where resistance to
impact from ships is required.
MYSARAH MAISHAM
QSM 602

QSM 602 - Temporary Works

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Units are secured by bolts and pockets are filled

(a) Box caisson floated into place with ballast as required.

The open caisson is a

Open caissons permit excavation or other work to be carried out

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