A POTENTIAL OF

MANGOSTEEN SKIN POWDER

AS FILLER IN TPU
COMPOSITES
 HELLO!

A POTENTIAL OF MANGOSTEEN SKIN POWDER AS FILLER IN TPU

COMPOSITES

EBT445/2 FINAL YEAR PROJECT I (PROPOSAL DEFENCE)

NAME: FATIN ZALILA BINTI ROZALI

MATRIC ID: 141040680 (RK12)
SUPERVISOR: DR NOR AZWIN AHAD
 1

INTRODUCTION
TPU & MANGOSTEEN SKIN
 INTRODUCTION :
TPU

TPU is a a class ofpolyurethaneplastic which is

melt and hard when heat is applied and cooled.
The process is thermally reversible
It has known for its many advantages: high
tensile strength and elongation, resistance to
chemical, solvent, grease, abrasion
It can fabricated using processing methods that
casual to plastic and rubber industries
 INTRODUCTION :
TPU

Advantages of TPU compared to plastic and rubber

TPU vs. Plastic TPU vs. Rubber

Non-brittle Abrasion resistance

Elastic properties Cut and tear resistance
Abrasion resistance High load bearing
Hydrolytic stability Clarity and color
availability
Chemical resistance High ozone resistance
Impact resistance Harder durometer ranges
Cold temperature Recyclable
flexibility
 INTRODUCTION :
MANGOSTEEN
SKIN
Natural fibers recently attracted researcher
attention due to its numerous advantages
compared to synthetics fibers
Mangosteen skins become agricultural waste
during its season
Dried mangosteen skin is really hard and it is
expected to have high tensile stress
There has been lack of study on mangosteen skin
as natural filler in composite
 INTRODUCTION :
MANGOSTEEN
SKIN
Chemical composition of untreated mangosteen skin [4].
Composition (% w/w, dry basis) Dried mangosteen skin

Moisture 10.82 0.28

Protein (N x 6.25) 7.48 0.09
Fat 6.45 0.04
Ash 4.47 0.07
Carbohydrate 81.60 0.03
Total dietary fiber 92.69 0.76
Insoluble dietary fiber 77.93 0.29
Cellulose 67.69 0.13
 INTRODUCTION : TPU
Previous studies using TPU as matrix
Author(s)/Year Matrix & Filler Finding & Results

Janusz Datta et. Matrix : TPU SEM

Al (2015) [1] Filler : Kenaf The chemical modification changes the
fiber surface of the fibers from smooth to irregular,
often porous
It can be concluded that not all composites
exhibit good adhesion to polymer matrix
Tensile Test
Agglomeration of fibers was observed,
causing decrease of tensile strength
Swelling Test
Water absorption increase when incorporation
of kenaf fibers increase

Sapuan et. al Matrix: TPU SEM

(2014) [2] Filler: Cocoa Good fiber/matrix adhesion as no fiber
pod husks pullouts or gaps appears between them
Tensile Test
Increase trend in tensile strength and
modulus with increase in fiber loading
Tensile strain was decrease with increase of
flexural strength
 INTRODUCTION :
MANGOSTEEN
SKIN
Previous study using mangosteen skin as filler
Author(s)/Year Matrix & Filler Finding & Results

Mahir et. al Matrix: Natural Tensile Test

(2015) [3] rubber Tensile strength decreased with
Filler: increasing of mangosteen filler
Mangosteen skin Swelling Test
Swelling percentage reduced as
mangosteen filler was increased
PROBLEM
STATEMENT
 PROBLEM
STATEMENT

So far there has no study on mangosteen skin as

natural filler with TPU
Investigate the compability of mangosteen skin
filler with TPU
Combination of both materials expected to
enhance the properties compared to virgin TPU
Implement the application of absorbent material
by using natural filler beside fabricated new type
of composite
OBJECTIVES
 OBJECTIVES

3. To study the
swelling
1. To
2. To behavior of TPU
investigate the
determine the filled with
potential of
tensile and mangosteen
mangosteen
morphology skins powder
skin powder at
properties of composite using
different
TPU filled with two medium
compositions
mangosteen which is oil
(0%, 5%, 10%,
skin powder (cooking oil and
15%, 20%) as
composite engine oil) and
filler in TPU
water (distilled
composites
water and sea
water).
SCOPE OF STUDY
 SCOPE OF STUDY

Several test need to be conducted on the sample

prepared in order to investigate tensile and
morphology properties
The tests involved are tensile test, scanning
electron microscopy (SEM) analysis and swelling
test
Each test provided results and information for
every different compositions of mangosteen skin
as filler
 METHODOLOGY
Flow process of sample preparation
 METHODOLOGY
Temp.: 180C
Speed: 5-8 0%, 5%, 10%,
rpm SEM
15%, 20%
Time: 30 min

Mixing
Pressed with
TPU + using
compression
Mangosteen heated Composite Testing
molding
skin powder two roll
machine
mill

Tensile Swelling
Temp.: 190C Test Test
 METHODOLOGY

Composition of TPU filled with mangosteen skin powder composite

TPU Mangosteen skin (%)

Sample
No. Percentage (%) Weight (g) Percentage (%) Weight (g)

Sample 1 100 200 0 0

Sample 2 95 190 5 10
Sample 3 90 180 10 20
Sample 4 85 170 15 30
Sample 5 80 160 20 40
 METHODOLOGY

Why we used 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%?

The matrix supposed to have bigger vol fraction
in order to bind the filler
0% composition to determine its potential
without filler
Natural filler is light weighed. If we used until
50%, the filler will over weighted. The
composition will not mixed well
Distribution of filler will affect the matrix/filler
adhesion
RESULTS &
DISCUSSION
Results for every characterization testing is obtained
 RESULTS &
DISCUSSION
1) TENSILE TEST
Graph of Tensile Strength vs. Percentage of Mangosteen Skin Powder as Filler
6
5.48
5.05
5

3.05
Tensile Strength (MPa) 3
2.4
1.95
2

0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2

Percentage of mangosteen skin powder as filler

 RESULTS &
DISCUSSION
1) TENSILE TEST
TENSILE STRENGTH
Tensile strength increased until 5% of
mangosteen skin powder then decreased from
10% until 20% of mangosteen skin powder
5% of mangosteen skin powder as filler results
in better adhesion between the matrix and
the filler thus make it a better stress transfer
from the matrix to the filler [53]
 RESULTS &
DISCUSSION
1) TENSILE TEST
TENSILE STRENGTH
Drop in tensile strength of other percentages
attributes to poor filler/matrix interfacial
bonding [55]
The mechanical properties of polymer
composites is depends strongly on the filler
loading and size, matrix size and filler and
matrix adhesion [54].
 RESULTS &
DISCUSSION
1) TENSILE TEST
Graph of Elongation at Break vs. Percentage of Mangosteen Skins Powder as Filler
900
815.1
800

700
612.1
600

500
408.3
Elongation at Break (%)
400
371.9
300
208.6
200

100

0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2

Percentage of mangosteen skin powder as filler

 RESULTS &
DISCUSSION
1) TENSILE TEST
ELONGATION AT BREAK
Increase of % of mangosteen skin powder as
filler decreased the % of elongation of break
Composite not able to resist crack propagation
thus promotes to catastrophic fracture which
minimized the elongation of break [15]
As the neat TPU contained 0% of mangosteen
skins powder, it showed the highest break
elongation
 RESULTS &
DISCUSSION
1) TENSILE TEST
ELONGATION AT BREAK
Natural filler influenced the plasticity of the
matrix and weaken the break elongation of a
compound
As the percentage of mangosteen skin powder
increased, TPU composite become stiffer and
elasticity is reduced [15]
 RESULTS &
DISCUSSION
2) SEM ANALYSIS
From micrograph of mangosteen skin
powder in 500x magnification, few clumped
irregular shapes with different size
observed
Tensile fractured surface of TPU filled with
mangosteen skin powder composite of 5%,
10%, 15% and 20% of mangosteens skin
powder as filler of in 500x magnification
showed good adhesion of matrix/filler
 RESULTS &
DISCUSSION
2) SEM ANALYSIS
At the fractured surface there are barely
filler pullouts or agglomeration between filler
and matrix
% of the mangosteen skin powder as filler
increased thus stress failure points increased,
lead to drop of the tensile strength and
elongation at break in higher filler content
[55]
 RESULTS &
DISCUSSION
2) SEM ANALYSIS IMAGES (X500)

Irregular shapes

SEM micrograph of mangosteen skin powder

 RESULTS &
DISCUSSION
2) SEM ANALYSIS IMAGES (X500)

Fracture surface of tensile sample of TPU filled with 0% of

mangosteen skin powder composite
 RESULTS &
DISCUSSION
2) SEM ANALYSIS IMAGES (X500)

TPU matrix

Mangosteen
skin powder
filler

Fracture surface of tensile sample of TPU filled with 5% of

mangosteen skin powder composite
 RESULTS &
DISCUSSION
2) SEM ANALYSIS IMAGES (X500)
Filler pullout

Mangosteen
skin powder
filler

Fracture surface of tensile sample of TPU filled with 10% of

mangosteen skin powder composite
 RESULTS &
DISCUSSION
2) SEM ANALYSIS IMAGES (X500)
Mangosteen
skin powder
filler

Filler pullout

Fracture surface of tensile sample of TPU filled with 15% of

mangosteen skin powder composite
 RESULTS &
DISCUSSION
2) SEM ANALYSIS IMAGES (X500)

Filler pullout

Mangosteen
skin powder
filler

Fracture surface of tensile sample of TPU filled with 20% of

mangosteen skin powder composite
 RESULTS &
DISCUSSION
3) SWELLING TEST
i) Distilled water absorption
Percentage of Distilled Water Absorption of TPU Filled with Mangosteen Skin Powder Composite
12

10

Percentage of absorption (%)
8 0%
5%
6 10%
15%
4 20%

0
Initial Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4

Swelling time
 RESULTS &
DISCUSSION
3) SWELLING TEST
i) Distilled water absorption
% of distilled water absorption is observed to increase
and then remained unchanged until week 4
The unchanged percentage of absorption indicated the
penetration of distilled water into the composite is
restricted [15]
20% of mangosteen skin powder as filler recorded the
highest percentage of absorption
as the mangosteen skin powder content increased, the
% of ability to absorb the distilled water increased
 RESULTS &
DISCUSSION
3) SWELLING TEST
ii) Sea water absorption
Percentage of Sea Water Absorption of TPU Filled with Mangosteen Skin Powder Composite
10
9
8
7
0%
6
5%
Percentage of absorption (%) 5 10%
4 15%
3 20%
2
1
0
Initial Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4

Swelling time
 RESULTS &
DISCUSSION
3) SWELLING TEST
ii) Sea water absorption
Same as distilled water, sample with 20% of
mangosteen skin powder showed highest % of
sea water absorption because of its highest
filler loading
It has the highest content of mangosteen skin
powder which make the sample has less
loading of TPU matrix that did not absorbed
solution too much.
 RESULTS &
DISCUSSION
3) SWELLING TEST
iii) Cooking oil absorption
Percentage of Cooking Oil Absorption of TPU Filled with Mangosteen Skin Powder Composite
3

2.5

2
0%
5%
Percentage of absorption (%) 1.5 10%
15%
1 20%

0.5

0
Initial Week 1Week 2Week 3Week 4

Swelling time
 RESULTS &
DISCUSSION
3) SWELLING TEST
iv) Engine oil absorption
Percentage of Engine Oil Absorption of TPU with Filled Mangosteen Skin Powder Composite
6

4
0%
5%
Percentage of absorption (%) 3 10%
15%
2 20%

0
Initial Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4

Swelling time
 RESULTS &
DISCUSSION
3) SWELLING TEST
iii) Cooking oil & engine oil absorption
For cooking oil and engine oil, the sample
with 10% and 15% of mangosteen skins
powder as filler recorded the highest
percentage of absorption respectively
Both percentage of absorption accelerated
and become idle until week 4.
CONCLUSION
 CONCLUSION

1) TENSILE TEST
As the percentage of mangosteen skin powder
as filler increased, it affected the tensile
properties negatively
When filler loading increased, the tensile
strength dropped as well as the elongation of
break
The result shows the addition of 5% of
mangosteen skin powder as filler results in
better adhesion between the matrix and the
filler thus make it better stress transfer from
the matrix to the filler [51]
 CONCLUSION

2) SEM ANALYSIS
The micrographs were observed that at 5% to
20% of mangosteen skin powder as filler
samples showed good adhesion between filler
and matrix
There were barely filler pullouts and gaps
observed
As the loading of filler increased, the
micrographs showed more complex fibrous
surface.
 CONCLUSION

3) SWELLING TEST
20% of of mangosteen skin powder as filler
sample absorbed the most when immersed in
distilled water and sea water
But when the samples were immersed in
cooking oil and engine oil, sample with 10% and
15% of mangosteen skin powder as filler
showed the highest percentage of absorption
respectively
The suitable candidates for oil absorbent uses
may be the sample with 10% and 15% of
mangosteen skin powder as filler
FUTURE
RECOMMENDATIONS
 FUTURE
RECOMMENDATION
S
Utilized surface modification techniques such as
alkali treatment or using coupling agent which is
widely used in natural fiber composites
Diversification of processing parameter. Changing
process parameter (temperature and time) will show
significant changes in tensile properties [7]
Finer mangosteen skin powder will result in better
adhesion filler/matrix and will have influence on
tensile properties
Conduct more characterization testing such as
hardness test, flexural test, FTIR, TGA and XRD
REFERENCES
 REFERENCES

1) Datta, J., & Kopczyska, P. (2015). Effect of kenaf

fibre modification on morphology and
mechanical properties of thermoplastic
polyurethane materials. Industrial Crops and
Products, 74, 566-576.
2) El-Shekeil, Y., Sapuan, S., & Algrafi, M. (2014).
Effect of fiber loading on mechanical and
morphological properties of cocoa pod husks
fibers reinforced thermoplastic polyurethane
composites. Materials & Design, 330-333.
 REFERENCES

3) Winuprasith, T., & Suphantharika, M. (2013).

Microfibrillated cellulose from mangosteen
(Garcinia mangostana L.) rind: Preparation,
characterization, and evaluation as an emulsion
stabilizer. Food Hydrocolloids, 32(2), 383-394.
4) Mahir, N. A., & Ismail, H. (2015). Study of
mangosteen (garcinia mangostana) peel powder
as antioxidant in natural rubber compound.
Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology.
THANKS
!

Q&A