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HYDROCARBONS
At the end of the lesson students should be able to:
Hydrocarbon
are compounds which
contain only carbon and
hydrogen atoms.
HIDROCARBONS
AROMATIC
ALIPHATIC
(contain one or more benzene ring)
ALKANES ALKENES
(saturated) (unsaturated) ALKYNES
contain only contain (unsaturated)
single bond C=C contain
CC
isobutane
CH3(CH2)2CH3 CH3CH(CH3)2
C5H12
IUPAC NOMENCLATURE
Examples:
CH3CH2CH2CH2CHCH3
|
CH3
CH2
CH3
Example:
6 5 4 3 2 1
CH3CH2CH2CH2CHCH3
CH3 substituent
7 6 5 4 3
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH CH substituent
3
|
2CH2
|
1 CH3
Use rule number 2 to locate the position of the
substituent.
CH3CH2CH2CH2CHCH3
Substituent
CH3 -methyl at C-2
2-methylhexane
Substituent
7 6 5 4 3 -methyl at C-3
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH CH3
|
2 CH
2
|
1
CH3
3-methylheptane
Some Common Substituent Groups
Alkane name substituent
CH3
sec-butyl
CHCH2CH3
CH3
tert-butyl CH3
CCH3
CH3
neopentyl CH3
CH2CCH3
CH3
cyclopropyl
cyclobutyl
phenyl
C6H5 or
benzyl
CH2
name substituent
Bromo -Br
Chloro -Cl
Flouro -F
Iodo -I
Hydroxyl -OH
Amino -NH2
Cyano -CN
Nitro -NO2
If two or more substituents are present, give
each substituent a number corresponding to its
location on the longest chain.
Example:
CH3CHCH CH3
| | 2,3-dimethylbutane
CH3 CH3
If there are two chains of equal length as the
parent chain, choose the chain with the
greater number of substituents.
7 6 5 4 3 2 1
4 3 2 1
CH3CH2-CH CH CH CHCH3
| | | |
CH3 5 CH2 CH3 CH3
|
6
CH2
7
|
CH3
2,3,5-trimethyl-4-propylheptane
(four substituents)
4-sec-butyl-2,3-dimethylheptane
(three substituents)
If branching occurs at an equal distance from
either end of the longest chain, choose the
name that gives the lower number at the first
point of difference.
6 5 4 3 2 1
CH3CHCH2CH CHCH3
1 2 3 4 5 6
| | |
CH3 CH3 CH3
2,3,5-trimethylhexane
(NOT 2,4,5-trimethylhexane)
CYCLOALKANES
Cycloalkanes alkanes which carbon atoms are
joined in rings.
Cycloalkanes are known as saturated
hydrocarbon, because it has the maximum
number of bonded hydrogen
(only has single bonds).
General formula:
CnH2n where n = 3, 4, 5,
NOMENCLATURE OF
CYCLOALKANES
C3H6 cyclopropane
C4H8 cyclobutane
C5H10 cyclopentane
If only one substituent is present, it is not
necessary to designate its position.
Examples:
Chlorocyclopropane
Cl
CH3 Methylcyclohexane
If two substituents are present, number
carbon in the ring beginning with the
substituent according to the alphabetical
order
and
3
2
4 CH2CH3
1
5 6
1-ethyl-2-methylcyclohexane
NOT
1-ethyl-6-methylcyclohexane
2
Cl 3 1
Cl
4 5
1,3-dichlorocyclopentane
(NOT 1,5-
dichlorocyclopentane)
When three or more substituents are present,
begin at the carbon with substituent that leads
to the lowest set of locants.
Locants
Example:
CH2CH3 chloro 1 4
2 3
1
3 2
4 ethyl 3 2
Cl 4 1 CH3
5 6 methyl 4 1
6 5
1-chloro-3-ethyl-4-
methylcyclohexane
4- chloro-2-ethyl-1-
methylcyclohexane
H3C CH2CH3
CH3
1-ethyl-1,3-dimethylcyclopentane
(NOT 3-ethyl-1,3-dimethylcyclopentane)
When a single ring system is attached to a
single chain with a greater number of carbon
atoms
or
when more than one ring system is attached
to a single chain, then it is appropriate to name
the compounds as cycloalkylalkane.
1,3-dicyclohexylpropane
Examples:
CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
1-cyclobutylpentane