A SEMINAR ON APPLICATION OF

MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY IN
WASTE WATER
MANAGEMENT
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
KALAHANDI, BHAWANIPATNA

Presented by: Shubham Mohapatra

Regd no: 1301110010
Branch: Civil Engineering
CONTENTS:

INTRODUCTION
THEORY OF MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY
MICRO FILTRATION
ULTRA FILTRATION
NANO FILTRATION
REVERSE OSMOSIS
REFERENCES
 INTRODUCTION

Since 1960, membrane technology has transformed from

laboratory development to proven industrial application and
waste water treatment. Containing advances in development
new membranes with better thermal, chemical and improved
transport properties have led to many new possible
application.
Membranes are used extensively for desalination, portable
water purification, treating industrial effluent, water
reclamation and re use.
Development of newer membranes modules and operating
procedure in recent years has provide a key stimulus for the
growth of the membrane industry .
 THEORY OF MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY
Membrane technology has become a dignified technology over past
decennia. Membrane technology is a generic term for a number of
different separation process. The process are of the same kind,
because each of them a membrane is used. This technology uses
lesser energy than conventional thermal separation process such as
distillation, sublimation and crystallization.
There are different types of membrane separation process.
1.prossure driven operation (micro filtration, ultra filtration, nano
filtration, reverse osmosis)
2. Concentration driven operation (pervoporation, dialysis, forward
osmosis, gas separation)
3. Membrane electrolysis (electro deionization, electro filtration,).
4. Temperature gradient operation ( membrane distillation)
 In the waste water treatment, pressure driven
membrane technology is becoming increasingly
important. These four pressure driven processes are
widely used in purification of waste water. The
membrane type is selected according to required
degree of purification and the contaminants present in
the water.
There are two factors that determines the affectivity of
membrane filtration process that is selectivity and
productivity. There are two types of configuration of
membrane separation process. One is cross flow
system and another is dead end system.
MICRO FILTRATION PROCESS
Microfiltration process serves as a pretreatment process
for other separation process. The suspended liquid
passed through at a relatively high velocity around 1 to 3
m/s. The pressure required this process is about 100 K pa
to 400 K pa. A differential pressure gauge is commonly
attached to measure the pressure drop between outlet
and inlet streams. The membrane used in micro filtration
process has a pore size is about 0.03 to 1 micron.
The use of hydraulic pressure accelerates the
separation process by increasing the flow rate of liquid
stream. By the microfiltration sands, silts, clays, algae,
crypotosporidium etc. are removed from the raw water.
But more microscopic, atomic ionic material such as Na+,
Cl-, small colloids, viruses will still able to pass through
the filter media.
DIAGRAM REPRESENTATION OF MF
 MICRO FILTARTION PROCESS

Advantages:-
1. It does not use any additional cleaning process.
2. microfiltration has blow operational cost.
3. It is an automatic process.
4. Quality of the produced permeate is not determined
by the management.
5. No energy consuming phase transfer needed such as
evaporation techniques.
 MICRO FILTRATION PROCESS
Disadvantage:-
1. Only suspended matter and bacteria are removed.
2. It is sensitive to oxidative chemicals (nitric acid, sulphuric acid
peroxide and sulphurate etc.)
3. Damage can be caused by hard sharp particles > 0.1 mm
where by filtarion is required.
4. Bio fouling is the another problem in microfiltarion process.
Applications:-
5. It is used in dairy industies.
6. In food industries it is used for clarification of wine, bear, fruit
juice etc.
7. MF is used in textile industries for effluent pre treatment.
8. Micro filtration is also in metal industries to separate the oil
water emulsion.
 ULTRA FILTRATION PROCESS

Ultra filtration is a separation process using membrane with

pore sizes in the range of 0.1 to 0.001 micron. Typically UF
membranes will remove high molecule weight substances,
colloidal, materials, organic and inorganic compounds. But it is
unable to remove calcium, magnesium, chlorine and sulphate.
The osmotic pressure differential across the UF membrane is
very low. Low applied pressure is sufficient to achieve high flux
rate.
Ultra filtration can produce flux rate of 50 to 200 GFD at an
operation pressure about 1 to 5 bar in a constant situation. UF
uses hollow fibers of membrane material and the feed water
flow inside the shell. The suspended solids and solutes of high
molecular weight are retained and water, low molecular weight
of solid passes through it.
DIAGRAM REPRESENTATION OF UF
ULTRA FILTRATION

Advantages :-
1.It does not requires any chemicals for purification.
2. Good and constant quality of treated water in terms of
particle and microbial removal.
3. The process and plant is very compact.
4. It operates in low pressure.
5. UF is particularly suitable to application involving
temperature sensitive material.
 ULTRA FILTRATION PROCESS
Disadvantages:-
1. Ultra filtration can not separate dissolved salts and solutes of low
molecular weights.
2. It is sensitive to oxidative chemicals.
3. Damage may occur when trying to prevent hard sharp particle
greater than 0.1 mm.

Applications:-
4. It is used as pre filtration for nano filtration.
5. It is used in food, textile, chemical, metal, pharmaceutical
industry, dairy industry etc.
6. UF can be used for break down of emulsions.
7. By the UF process reuse of waste water is possible.
NANO FILTARTION
Nano filtration is a relatively recent membrane filtration
process used for water softening, decolouring and micro
pollutant removal. During industrial process nano filtration is
applied for the removal of specific components such bas
colouring agents.
The pore size of membrane is ranges from 1 to 10 nano
meter ,smaller than that used in micro filtration and ultra
filtration, but just larger than that in reverse osmosis.
Membranes are made from polyethylene-terephthalate or
metal such as aluminum.
It is pressure related process. To push the water through
smaller pores of membrane it requires higher pressure than
MF and UF that is 5 to 7 bar. Nano filtration (NF) function
similar to reverse osmosis, but it generally targeted to
remove only divalent and larger ions but it passes mono
valent ions such as sodium and chloride.
DIAGRAM REPRENTATION OF NF
Nano filtration

Advantages:-
1. NF technology works on lower pressure than RO
and so requires much less energy.
2. The recovery in NF water purifiers is more than RO
and so NF does not waste as much water as in RO.
3. It softens hard water.
4. It removes toxic heavy metal.
5. NF process removes toxic and other organic
compounds from water and thus removes bad
odours and taste from water.
 NANO FILTRATION PROCESS

Disadvantages:-
1. It requires higher energy consumption than UF
and MF (0.3 to 1 KWh per meter cube).
2. Pre treatment is needed for some heavily
polluted water.
3. Limited retention for salt and univalent ions.
4. Nano filtration membranes are a little more
expensive than reverse osmosis membranes.
5. Membranes are more sensitive to free chlorine.
NANO FILTRATION PROCESS

Applications:-
1. It is used as a pre treatment process for reverse
osmosis.
2. It is used for softening of water as it retains calcium
and magnesium ions present in water,
3. It is used widely in flavor and fragrance industry.
4. NF is used in medical science industries as it
removes amino acids and lipids from blood and
other cell cultures.
5. This process is also adopted in oil and petroleum
industries.
REVERSE OSMOSIS PROCESS

RO technology was developed by U.S. government funding in

1950s as a possible method of desalination of sea water.
Reverse osmosis is a water purification technology that uses a
semi permeable membrane to remove ions, molecules, dissolved
solids from water.
Osmosis is a natural process when two solution of different
concentrations of solutes are separated by a semi permeable
membrane, the solvent has tendency to move from low to high
solute concentration for chemical potential equilibrium.
But in case of reverse osmosis pressure is applied to over come
osmotic pressure. The pressure required for fresh water is about 2-
17 bar and 40-82 bar for sea water to be purified. The performance
of RO system depends on factors such as membrane type, flow
control, feed water quality, temperature and pressure. A
polymerized dense layer membrane is used for the separation
process.
DIAGRAM REPRESENTATION OF RO
REVERSE OSMOSIS PROCESS

Advantages:-
1. RO process removes nearly all contaminants and most
dissolved ions.
2. Bacteria and particles are also removed.
3. It posses operational simplicity and automation allows
for less operator attention.
4. RO performs a separation without a phase change, thus
the energy requirements are low.
REVERSE OSMOSIS PROCESS
Disadvantages:-
1. The small pores of an RO membrane can become more
clogged and the system must be routinely maintained.
Pre filter is required to install to remove incompatible
compounds with the RO system.
2. High capital and operational cost is required,
3. High level of pre treatment is required.
4. Due to higher degree of filtration it removes the desirable
minerals that present in water which is required for the
health.
5. RO process is a slow process. It takes more time than
other processes.
REVERSE OSMOSIS

Applications :-
1. RO system is generally adopted in
household drinking water purification
system
2. It is widely used as desalination process in
the world that removes salts from water.
3. Treatment for high purity of water
4. RO system is used for water jet cutting.
 REFERENCES
Glucina , K., Laine, J.M, and Robert, C. : Integrated, multi objective
membrane sysystems for surface water treatment, proceedings
AWWA Membrane Technology Conference, New orleans, USA 1997.
Guesses, A.M., Allgeier, S.C., Speth, T.F., and Summeres, R.:
Evaluation of surface water pretreatment process using raid bench
scale membrane teste, Proceedings AWWA membrane.
Environmental Protection Agency (1994)- Water Quality Handbook,
second edition, 238 pp, U.S.E.P.A. 823- B-94-005a, Wasington, U.S.
[ A comprehensive study of the conventional and advanced waste
water treatment, water and waste water processing, and
maintainace of water and wastefacilities ].
Krishnan. S, Kampman, D., kumar S. : Ground water and well
water quality in alluvial aquifer of central Gujurat, in proceeding of
Tata Water Policy Programme, Annual Partners meet, Anand,
Gujurat, 2005
apid