Electrical Fundamental: Voltage, Current & Resistance

EDE 102
ELECTRICAL FUNDAMENTAL
CHAPTER 2
VOLTAGE, CURRENT & RESISTANCE
PREPARED BY:
Mohamad Affan
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY
CHAPTER 2: Voltage, Current & Resistance
TOPIC OUTLINE
TOPIC

Hou Assessm
CHAPTER Week
r ent
2. Voltage, Current &
Resistance
2.1 Atomic Structures
2.2 Electrical Charge Classroom
2.3 Voltage exercise
Week 2 3
2.4 Current Homewor
2.5 Resistance k
2.6 The Electric Circuit
2.7 Basic Circuit
Measurement
Slide 2 of 57
LEARNING OUTCOMES
TOPIC
Describe the basic structure of an atom
Explain the concept of electrical charge
Define voltage and discuss its characteristics
Define current and discuss its characteristics
Define resistance and discuss its characteristics
Describe a basic electric circuit
Make basic circuit measurements
Slide 3 of 57
Bohr Model
TOPIC
Slide 4 of 57
Atomic structure
TOPIC
Nucleus consists of:

Positively charged particles called protons.
Uncharged particles called neutrons.
Negative charged particles are called electrons.
Each type of atom has a certain number of electrons and protons that
distinguishes it from the atoms of all other elements.
Slide 5 of 57
Atomic structure
TOPIC
Slide 6 of 57
Atomic Number
TOPIC
All elements are arranged in the periodic table of the elements in order
according to their atomic number.
Atomic number equals to the number of protons in nucleus.
Slide 7 of 57
Electron Shells and Orbits
TOPIC
Electron orbits the nucleus of an atom at certain distances from the

nucleus.
Electrons near the nucleus have less energy than those in more
distant orbits.
In an atom, the orbits are grouped into energy bands known as shells.
Slide 8 of 57
Valence Electron
TOPIC
Electrons that are in orbits farther away from the nucleus have higher
energy and are less tightly bound to the atom than those closer to the
nucleus.
This is because the force of attraction between the positively charged
nucleus and negatively charged electron decreases with increasing
distance from the nucleus.
Electrons with highest energy levels exist in the outermost shell of an
atom and are relatively loosely bound to the atom.
The outermost shell is known as valence.
Electrons at this shell is called valence electrons.
Valence electrons contribute to chemical reactions and bonding within
the structure of material and determine its electrical properties.
Slide 9 of 57
Ionization
TOPIC
When an atom absorbs energy from heat source or from light, the
energy levels of the electrons are raised.
Valence electrons posses more energy and are more loosely bound,
so they can easily jump to higher orbits.
If valence electron have sufficient amount of energy, it can escape
from the outer shell and the atoms influences.
The departure of valence electron leave a previously neutral atom with
an excess of positive charge.
The escaped valence electron is called free electron.
Slide 10 of 57
Ionization
TOPIC
When an atom absorbs energy from heat source or from light, the
energy levels of the electrons are raised.
Valence electrons posses more energy and are more loosely bound,
so they can easily jump to higher orbits.
If valence electron have sufficient amount of energy, it can escape
from the outer shell and the atoms influences.
The departure of valence electron leave a previously neutral atom with
an excess of positive charge.
The escaped valence electron is called free electron.
Slide 11 of 57
Number of Electrons in Each Shell
TOPIC
The maximum number of electrons (Ne) that can exist in each shell can
be calculated by the formula:
Ne = 2n 2
All shells in a given atom must be completely filled with electrons

except the outer (valence) shell.
Slide 12 of 57
Review Questions
TOPIC
Describe an atom
What is an electron?
What is a valence electron?
What is a free electron?
How ions are formed?
Slide 13 of 57
2.2 Electrical Charge (Q)

TOPIC
The unit of charge is the coulomb (C) where one coulomb

is one ampere second. (1 coulomb = 6.24 1018 electrons).
The coulomb is defined as the quantity of electricity which
flows past a given point in an electric circuit when a current of
one ampere is maintained for one second.
Q It
t In second
Slide 14 of 57
Example
TOPIC
(a) If a current of 5 A flows for 2 minutes, find

the quantity of electricity transferred.
(b)What current must flow if 0.24 coulombs is
to be transferred in 15 ms?
Slide 15 of 57
2.3 Voltage
TOPIC
Definition
Definitionofof
Voltage
voltage
The unit of Voltage is the VOLT ,
Symbolized by V.
One volt is the potential difference

(voltage) between two points when one
joule of work is used to move one
coulomb of charge from one point to the
other.
Slide 16 of 57
2.3 Electrical Potential/emf/Voltage

TOPIC
Voltage (V) is the work (W) per charge (Q); it is

responsible for establishing current.
+
+
+
Work is done as a charge
is moved in the electric +
e-
field from one potential +
to another. +
Voltage is the work per +
charge done against the +
electric field. +
Slide 17 of 57
2.3 Voltage
TOPIC
Voltage is electrical pressure also known as EMF

(Electro Motive Force) that pushes electrons.
The greater the difference in electrical potential push

(difference between positive and negative), the
greater the voltage force potential.
Slide 18 of 57
2.3 Voltage
TOPIC
MEASUREMENT
A VOLTMETER measures the voltage potential across

or parallel to the circuit.
The Voltmeter
measures the amount
of electrical pressure
difference between
two points being
measured. Voltage
can exist between
two points without
electron flow.
Slide 19 of 57
2.3 Voltage
TOPIC
VOLTAGE UNITS
Voltage is measured in units called VOLTS.

Voltage measurements can use different value prefixes
such as millivolt, volt, Kilovolt, and Megavolt.
LARGER
LESS THAN
VOLTAGE BASIC UNIT THAN
BASE UNIT
BASE UNIT
Symbol mV V kV
Pronounced millivolt Volt Kilovolt
Multiplier 0.001 1 1,000
Slide 20 of 57
2.3 Voltage
TOPIC
Example:
If 50 J of energy are available for

every 10 C of charge, what is the
voltage?
W 50 J
V 5V
Q 10C
Slide 21 of 57
2.3 Voltage
TOPIC
VOLTAGE
Voltage is responsible for establishing
current
Sources of e-
voltage +
e-
include
Zinc Copper
batteries, (anode)
- 2+
(cathode)
2+ -
Zn Zn+2e Cu +2e Cu
solar cells, and
generators. A
Cu-Zn battery, ZnSO 4
solution
such as you
Porous CuSO
might
4
barrier solution
construct in a
chemistry
Slide 22 of 57
2.4 Current
TOPIC
Current (I)
Current (I)isis
the amount
the of charge
amount (Q) that
of charge (Q) that
flowspast
flows past aa point
point in
inaaunit
unitofof
time (t).(t).
time
Q
I
t
One ampere is a number of electrons having a
total charge of 1 C move through a given cross
section in 1 s.
Slide 23 of 57
Current
TOPIC
Slide 24 of 57
2.4 Current
TOPIC
MEASUREMENT
An AMMETER measures the quantity of current flow.

Ammeters are placed in series (inline) to count the
electrons passing through it.
Example: A water meter counts the gallons of water

flowing through it.
Slide 25 of 57
Example
TOPIC
(a)What current must flow if 0.24 coulombs is to be

transferred in 15 ms?
(b)If a current of 10 A flows for four minutes, find the

quantity of electricity transferred.
Slide 26 of 57
2.5 Resistance
TOPIC
RESISTANCE
Resistance the property of a substance due to which it

opposes (or restricts) the flow of electricity (i.e., electrons)
through it.
Higher resistance will decrease the flow of electrons
and lower resistance will allow more electrons to flow.
Slide 27 of 57
2.5 Resistance
TOPIC
Resistance
Resistanceisis the
the opposition
oppositionto to
current.
current.
One ohm (1 ) is the resistance if
one ampere (1 A) in a material
when one volt (1 V) is applied. 1
G
Conductance is the reciprocal of R
resistance. Colorbands
Components Resistancematerial
(carboncomposition)
designed to have Insulationcoating
a specific amount Leads
of resistance are
called resistors.
Slide 28 of 57
2.5 Resistance
TOPIC
RESISTANCE FACTORS
LENGTH
TYPE of
MATERIAL DIAMETER
a r i o us
V ca n
r s
facto he
f f ec tt
a n ce .
t a
resis
e
Thes : PHYSICAL
TEMPERAT-
n c l u de CONDITION
i URE
(DAMAGE)
Slide 29 of 57
Resistance
TOPIC
Slide 30 of 57
2.5 Resistance
TOPIC
MEASUREMENT
An OHMMETER measures the resistance of an electrical

circuit or component. No voltage can be applied while
the ohmmeter is connected, or damage to the meter will
occur.
Example: Water flows

through a garden hose, and
someone steps on the hose.
The greater the pressure
placed on the hose, the
greater the hose restriction
and the less water flows.
Slide 31 of 57
2.5 Resistance
TOPIC
Length of the conductor. The longer the conductor, the

higher the resistance.
Diameter of the conductor. The narrower the conductor,

the higher the resistance.
Temperature of the material. Depending on the material,

most will increase resistance as temperature increases.
Physical Condition (Damage) to the material. Any

damage will increase resistance.
Type of Materials used. Various materials have a wide

range of resistances.
Slide 32 of 57
TOPIC
Color Digit Multiplier Tolerance
Black 0 10 0
Brown 1 10 1 1%(fiveband)
Red 2 10 2 2%(fiveband)
Orange 3 10 3
Resistancevalue,firstthreebands:
Firstband 1stdigit Yellow 4 10 4
Secondband 2nddigit
Green 5 10 5
*Thirdband multiplier(numberof
zerosfollowingthe2nddigit) Blue 6 10 6
Violet 7 10 7
Gray 8 10 8
White 9 10 9
Gold 5% 10 1 5%(fourband)
Fourthband tolerance
Silver 10% 10 2 10%(fourband)
Noband 20%
,thethirdbandiseithergoldorsilver. Goldisforamultiplierof0.1andsilverisfor
* Forresistancevalueslessthan10
amultiplierof0.01.
Slide 33 of 57
TOPIC
Reading Resistors Bands: XYZT Resistance = XY 10 T %

Z
http://www.dannyg.com/javascript/res/resload.htm
Slide 34 of 57
TOPIC
What is the resistance and

Question tolerance of each of the four-band
resistors?
5.1
5.1k
k5%
5%
820
820kk
10%
10%
47
4710%
10%
1.0
1.05%
5%
Slide 35 of 57
CLASS-ACTIVITY
TOPIC
Determine the color coded value of each resistor:
Slide 36 of 57
CLASS-ACTIVITY
TOPIC
= 2.7 k 5%
= 680 k 5%
= 91 10%
= 36 k 5%
Slide 37 of 57
CLASS-ACTIVITY
TOPIC
Determine the correct color code for each resistor:
22 k 10% =
470 k 5% =
10 10% =
910 5% =
Slide 38 of 57
CLASS-ACTIVITY
TOPIC
22 k 10% =
470 k 5% =
10 10% =
910 5% =
Slide 39 of 57
CLASS-ACTIVITY
TOPIC
Slide 40 of 57
CLASS-ACTIVITY
TOPIC
= 1.5 M 10%
= 47 k 5%
= 820 10%
= 5.6 5%
Slide 41 of 57
CLASS-ACTIVITY
TOPIC
10 M 5% =
68 5% =
1.0 10% =
470 5% =
Slide 42 of 57
CLASS-ACTIVITY
TOPIC
10 M 10% =
68 5% =
1.0 10% =
470 5% =
Slide 43 of 57
CLASS-ACTIVITY
TOPIC
What is the color code of a 1% five-band 17.8 k

resistor?
What is the resistance of the five-band resistor shown?
Slide 44 of 57
CLASS-ACTIVITY
TOPIC
What is the color code of a 1% five-band 17.8 k

resistor?
What is the resistance of the five-band resistor

shown?
4 7 5 1% = 475 k 1%
000
Slide 45 of 57
TOPIC
Alphanumeric
Labeling
Two or three digits, and one of the letters R,
Two or three digits, and one of the letters R,
K, or M are used to identify a resistance
K, or M are used to identify a resistance
value.
value.
The
Theletter is used to indicate the multiplier,
letter is used to indicate the multiplier,
and its position is used to indicate decimal
and its position is used to indicate decimal
point position.
point position.
Slide 46 of 57
TOPIC
Variableresistors
Variable resistors include
include the
the potentiometer
potentiometer
and rheostat.
and rheostat. A Apotentiometer can becan
potentiometer be
connected
connected asas
a rheostat.
The center terminal is connected to
the wiper
R
3 Variable
1 2
Shaft (potentiometer)
Wiper
Resistive R
element
Variable
(rheostat)
Slide 47 of 57

TOPIC
http://www.hyperstaffs.info/work/physics/child/index.html
Slide 48 of 57

TOPIC
The above illustration comes close to demonstrating the meaning of an

The above
electric illustration
circuit. However, comes
to be a close to demonstrating
true circuit, charges must thecontinually
meaning flow
of an
electric acircuit.
through completeHowever,
loop, to be a true
returning tocircuit, chargesposition
their original must continually flow
and cycling
throughagain.
through a complete
If thereloop,
were returning
a means to of their
movingoriginal position
positive chargeand
fromcycling
the
through again. If there were a means of moving positive charge
negative plate back up onto the positive plate, then the movement of positive from the
negative
charge plate backthrough
downward up onto the
the positive plate,(i.e.,
charge pipe then thethe movement
wire) wouldof positive
occur
charge downward
continuously. In such through
a case, a the charge
circuit pipe
or loop (i.e.,bethe
would wire) would occur
established.
continuously. In such a case, a circuit or loop would be established.
Slide 49 of 57
2.7 Basic Circuit Measurement

TOPIC
A basic circuit consists of a voltage

source, a path and a load.
An example of a basic circuit is the
flashlight, which has each of these.
Switch Metalstrip
Metalreflector Spring
Slide 50 of 57
2.7 Basic Circuit Measurement

TOPIC
An important
multipurpose
instrument is
OFF VH
Hz
the DMM, VH
which can mV H
measure V
voltage, VV
current, and
10A
resistance. 40m A COM
Many include
other
measurement
options. Slide 51 of 57
TOPIC
You need to recognize safety hazards and

know what to do in an emergency. Read and
review all of the precautions given in the
text. Some key ones are:
Shock - know the location of
Electrica emergency shutoff. Know and
l follow safety rules in the lab.
Use Class-C extinguisher for

Electrical electrical fires. Be aware of
safety burn hazards with jewelry.
A safe area is neat. The area

Work should be inspected regularly for
area hazards.
Slide 52 of 57
TOPIC
Impedance vs. Resistance
Resistance is a property of a material that causes a

reduction in the rate of flow of electrons.
Impedance is the reduction in the rate of flow of
electrons caused by the material (resistance) and other
properties of the component involved (reactance).
Resistors have no reactance. So the impedance of a
resistor is equal to its resistance only.
Reactance varies with the frequency of the input.
Resistance remains the same at all frequencies.
Both impedance and resistance are measured in ohms.
Slide 53 of 57
TOPIC
Impedance
Definition: A general measure of how a component or group of

components pushes against the current flowing through it.
Impedance is used to refer to the behavior of circuits with

resistors, capacitors and other components.
Impedance = resistance + reactance
When we consider components in a theoretical circuit diagram,

the impedance of inductors and capacitors is their reactance
only. Any resistance is modeled separately as a resistor. So
theoretical capacitors and inductors have impedance, but no
resistance.
Slide 54 of 57
TOPIC
Key Terms
Ampere The unit of electrical current
AWG (American Wire Gauge) A standardization based

on wire diameter
Charge An electrical property of a matter that exist

because of an excess or a deficiency of
electrons. Charge can be either positive or
negative.
Circuit An interconnection of electronic components

designed to produce a desired result. A basic
circuit consists of a source, a load, and an
interconnecting path.
Slide 55 of 57
TOPIC
Conductance The ability of a circuit to allow current. The unit

is the siemens (S).
Coulomb The unit of electrical charge.
Current The rate of flow of electrical charge.
Ground A basic particle of electrical charge in matter.

The electron possesses a negative charge.
Ohm () The unit of resistance.
Slide 56 of 57
TOPIC
Potentiometer A three-terminal variable resistor.
Resistance The opposition to current. the unit is the ohm

().
Rheostat A two-terminal variable resistor
Siemens The unit of conductance
Volt The unit of voltage or electromotive force.
Voltage The amount of energy per charge available to

move electrons from one point to another in an
electric circuit.
Slide 57 of 57
SUMMARY
TOPIC
An atom is the smallest particle of an element that retains

the characteristics of that element.
The electron is the basic particle of negative electrical

charge.
The proton is the basic particle of positive charge.
An ion is an atom that has gained or lost an electron and is

no longer neutral.
When electrons in the outer orbit of an atom (valence

electrons) break away, they become free electrons.
Continue..
Slide 58 of 57
TOPIC
Free electrons make current possible.
Like charges repel each other, and opposite charges

attract each other.
Voltage must be applied to a circuit before there can be

current. Resistance limits the current.
Basically, an electric circuit consists of a source, a load,

and a current path.
Slide 59 of 57
TOPIC
Slide 60 of 57
Chapter Review Quiz
TOPIC
Quiz
1. The atomic number is the number of

a. protons in the nucleus
b. neutrons in the nucleus
c. protons plus neutrons in the
nucleus
d. electrons in the outer shell
Slide 61 of 57
TOPIC
Quiz
2. Valence electrons are

a. in the outer shell
b. involved in chemical reactions
c. relatively loosely bound
d. all of the above
Slide 62 of 57
TOPIC
Quiz
3. The atomic particle responsible for

electrical current in solid metallic
conductors is the
a. proton
b. electron
c. neutron
d. all of the above
Slide 63 of 57
TOPIC
Quiz
4. The symbol for charge is

a. C
b.
c. Q
d. W
Slide 64 of 57
TOPIC
Quiz
5. The definition for voltage is
a. Q
V
t
b. W
V
t
W
c. V
Q
d. V It
Slide 65 of 57
TOPIC
Quiz
6. A battery stores
a. electrons
b. protons
c. ions
d. chemical energy
Slide 66 of 57
TOPIC
Quiz
7. The unit of conductance is the

a. ohm
b. coulomb
c. siemen
d. ampere
Slide 67 of 57
TOPIC
Quiz
8. A four-color resistor with the color

bands gray-red-black-gold is
a. 73
b. 82
c. 680
d. 820
Slide 68 of 57
TOPIC
Quiz
9. A 330 k 5% resistor has the color

bands
a. red-red-brown-gold
b. orange-orange-yellow-gold
c. yellow-yellow-red-gold
d. yellow-yellow-green-gold
Slide 69 of 57
TOPIC
Quiz
10. The circular mil is a unit of

a. length
b. area
c. volume
d. resistance
Slide 70 of 57

Electrical Fundamental: Voltage, Current & Resistance

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EDE 102

VOLTAGE, CURRENT & RESISTANCE

Describe the basic structure of an atom

Explain the concept of electrical charge

Define voltage and discuss its characteristics

Define current and discuss its characteristics

Define resistance and discuss its characteristics

Describe a basic electric circuit

Make basic circuit measurements

Nucleus consists of:

Electron orbits the nucleus of an atom at certain distances from the

All shells in a given atom must be completely filled with electrons

2.2 Electrical Charge (Q)

The unit of charge is the coulomb (C) where one coulomb

(a) If a current of 5 A flows for 2 minutes, find

One volt is the potential difference

2.3 Electrical Potential/emf/Voltage

Voltage (V) is the work (W) per charge (Q); it is

Voltage is electrical pressure also known as EMF

The greater the difference in electrical potential push

A VOLTMETER measures the voltage potential across

Voltage is measured in units called VOLTS.

If 50 J of energy are available for

An AMMETER measures the quantity of current flow.

Example: A water meter counts the gallons of water

(a)What current must flow if 0.24 coulombs is to be

(b)If a current of 10 A flows for four minutes, find the

Resistance the property of a substance due to which it

a specific amount Leads

An OHMMETER measures the resistance of an electrical

Example: Water flows

Length of the conductor. The longer the conductor, the

Diameter of the conductor. The narrower the conductor,

Temperature of the material. Depending on the material,

Physical Condition (Damage) to the material. Any

Type of Materials used. Various materials have a wide

Color Digit Multiplier Tolerance

Reading Resistors Bands: XYZT Resistance = XY 10 T %

What is the resistance and

Determine the color coded value of each resistor:

Determine the color coded value of each resistor:

Determine the correct color code for each resistor:

Determine the correct color code for each resistor:

Determine the color coded value of each resistor:

Determine the color coded value of each resistor:

Determine the correct color code for each resistor:

Determine the correct color code for each resistor:

What is the color code of a 1% five-band 17.8 k

What is the resistance of the five-band resistor shown?

What is the color code of a 1% five-band 17.8 k

What is the resistance of the five-band resistor

2.6 The Electric Circuit

2.6 The Electric Circuit

The above illustration comes close to demonstrating the meaning of an

2.7 Basic Circuit Measurement

A basic circuit consists of a voltage

2.7 Basic Circuit Measurement

resistance. 40m A COM

You need to recognize safety hazards and

Use Class-C extinguisher for

A safe area is neat. The area

Impedance vs. Resistance