Lecture 1

Introduction To
Computers

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 Todays Topics
Computer Systems
Computing Environments
Computer Languages
System Development

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 Figure 1-1: A computer system

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 Figure 1-2: Basic hardware components

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 Computer Hardwares
Five main components
Input devices
Allows communication to the computer
Output devices
Allows communication to the user
Processor (CPU)

Main memory (primary storage)

Memory locations containing the running program

Secondary memory (auxiliary storage)

Permanent record of data often on a disk

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 Computer Memory
Main Memory
Long list of memory locations
Each contains zeros and ones
Can change during program execution
Binary Digit or Bit
A digit that can only be zero or one
Byte
Each memory location has eight bits
Address
Number that identifies a memory location

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Chapter 1: Introduction To Computer | DCP2073 Basic C Programming Slide 7
 Larger Data Items

Some data is too large for a single byte

Most integers and real numbers are too large

Address refers to the first byte

Next few consecutive bytes can store the

additional
bits for larger data

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 Data or Code?
A may look like 01000001
65 may look like 01000001
An instruction may look like 01000001

How does the computer know the meaning

of 01000001?
Interpretation depends on the current instruction

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 Secondary Memory

Main memory stores instructions and

data while a program is running.

Secondary memory
Stores instructions and data permanently
A file stores data or instructions in
secondary memory

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 Secondary Memory Media

A computer might have any of these

types of secondary memory
Hard disk
Fast
Fixed in the computer and not normally removed
Floppy disk
Slow
Easily shared with other computers
Compact disk
Slower than hard disks
Easily shared with other computers
Can be read only or re-writable

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 The Processor

Typically called the CPU

Central Processing Unit
Follows program instructions
Typical capabilities of CPU include:

add
subtract
multiply
divide
move data from location to location

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 Figure 1-3: Types of software

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 Figure 1-4: Software

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 Figure 1-5: Personal computing environment

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 Figure 1-6: Time-sharing Environment

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 Figure 1-7: Client-server environment

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 Figure 1-8: Types of computer languages

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 Example:

Machine Language:
the only language understood by a computer Assembly/Symbolic language

0101 1000 0001 0000 MOVE #$1,D1

0101 1011 0001 0000 MOVE #$8,D0
0101 0000 0001 0000 ADD D0,D1

High-level language

LUAS = PANJANG * LEBAR

IF LUAS > 50
GOTO BESAR
ELSE
GOTO KECIL

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 Figure 1-9: Building a C program

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 Figure 1-10: Executing programs

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 Figure 1-11: Process of system development

Building programs
Edit
Compile
Link
Run

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 Figure 1-11: Process of system development
Understand the problem:
Input
Output
Process
Develop the solution
(Algorithm):
Structure chart
Pseudocode
Flowchart
Converting design to
computer codes.

e.g:
Flowchart -> C program
Algorithm is the steps
to solve problems

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 Testing and Debugging

Bug
A mistake in a program

Debugging
Eliminating mistakes in programs
Term used when a moth caused a failed relay
on the Harvard Mark 1 computer. Grace Hopper
and other programmers taped the moth in logbook
stating:
First actual case of a bug being found.

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 Program Errors

Syntax error
Violation of the grammar rules of the language
Discovered by the compiler
Error messages may not always show correct location of
errors

Run-time error
Error detected by the computer at run-time

Logic error
Error in the programs algorithm
Most difficult to diagnose
Computer does not recognize it.

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 Program Errors (cont.)

Syntax error example

x = 2; This line consists an
y = 3 error. Each statement
must be ended
z = x + y; with a semi-colon ;

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 Program Errors (cont.)

Run-time error example

This line produces
x = 0; an error, because the
y = 3/x; division by zero. This
error is only discovered
when the program runs.

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 Program Errors (cont.)

Logic error example

Enter a number >> 10

Enter another number >> 25

The total of those two

This is a logic error.
numbers is 15
The total should be
35 not 15.

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 Program Design

Structure Chart
Pseudo-code
Flowchart

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 Structure Chart
Represents a program as a collection of sub-programs (modules)

Example:

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 Pseudo code

Describe an algorithm in English-like statements

Example: Algorithm for multiplying two

numbers

1. Get the first number, let say A

2. Get the second number, let say B
3. Calculate the result let say C, C= A * B
4. Display the result, C

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 Flowchart
Represents an algorithm in graphical symbols

Example: Algorithm for multiplying two numbers

Start

Get A
Get B

Calculate Resut
C=A*B

Display the
Result C

Stop

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