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Core
Server
core_sw_a
Leased Line/
ISDN Cloud Frame Relay
100baseFX
100baseTX
100baseT4
10Base2
10Base5
10BaseT
10BaseF
Physical
Distribution
Distribution Not typically used at this Provides connectivity between access
Layer
Layer layer. and distribution layers. Provides
connectivity from the distribution to
core layer. Provides connectivity from
the server block to the core layer.
Core Layer Not typically used at this Provides interswitch connectivity.
Core Layer layer.
Fiber Connector Port
8 1
Hub/Switch Server/Router
1 8
Pin Label Pin Label
1 8 1 8
1 RD+ 1 TD+
2 RD 2 TD
3 TD+ 3 RD+
4 NC 4 NC
5 NC 5 NC w g w b w o w br w g w b w o w br
g o b br
g o b br
6 TD 6 RD
7 NC 7 NC Wires on cable ends
8 NC 8 NC
are in same order.
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Crossover Connection
Cable 10BaseT/
100BaseT Crossover Crossover Cable
Hub/Switch Hub/Switch 8 1
Pin Label Pin Label 1 8
1 RD+ 1 RD+ 8 1 8 1
2 RD 2 RD
3 TD+ 3 TD+
4 NC 4 NC
5 NC 5 NC w ww w
br b o g
br w g w b w o w
6 TD 6 TD br b g o g br o b
7 NC 7 NC
8 NC
Some wires on cable
8 NC
ends are crossed.
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Where To Use What
1x
2x
3x
4x
• Use straightthrough when only one port is designated with an “x.”
1x
2x
3x
4x
2x
3x
4x
1x
• Use a crossover cable when BOTH ports are designated with an “x”
or neither port is designated with an “x.”
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Cabling The Campus
– Determine the physical media used: 10-Mbps or
100-Mbps.
• Indicates what category of cable is required
– Locating interfaces on the chassis, determine if one
or both ports have an “x.”
• Indicates if you need crossover or straight-through cable
100Mbps
Cat 5
Crossover
10Mbps
Cat 3, 4, 5 10Mbps
10Mbps Crossover Cat 3, 4, 5
Cat 3, 4, 5 StraightThrough
StraightThrough
Leased Line/
ISDN Cloud Frame Relay
Frame
HDLC
Relay
PPP
ISDN BRI (with PPP)
EIA/TIA232 RJ45
EIA/TIA449 NOTE: Pinouts are
X.21 V.24 V.35 different from RJ45
HSSI used in campus.
CSU/ DCE
DSU
Service
Provider EIA/TIA232 EIA/TIA449 V.35 X.21 EIA530
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
What is DTE & DCE
Data Terminal Equipment: Data Communications Equipment:
• End of the user’s device • End of the WAN provider’s
on the WAN link. side of the communication facility.
• Responsible for clocking.
Modem
CSU/DSU
DTE DCE
S S
S
S
S S
DTE DCE DCE DTE
2500 Router—Rear View
• Serial WAN ports can be fixed.
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Modular Interfaces
WAN
• Serial WAN ports can be modular. Interface
Card
Cisco 1603 Router—Rear View
Note port label.
ISDN BRI Port
!!!WARNING!!!
Do not connect a cable to an ISDN port unless it is
from an ISDN switch or ISDN wall jack.
If you connect a cable from any other device to the BRI
port, you will ruin the nonISDN device.
• Cisco IOS software delivers network
services and enables networked
applications.
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Network Device Configuration
– Configuration sets up the device with:
• Network policy of the functions required.
• Protocol addressing and parameter settings.
• Options for administration and management.
– Catalyst switch memory has initial configuration
with default settings.
– Cisco router will prompt for initial configuration if
there is no configuration
in memory.
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
What Happens When A Cisco
Device Startup
• Find and check device hardware.
• Find and load Cisco IOS software image.
• Find and apply device configurations.
Interfaces
Virtual Terminal
Console Port
TFTP
Auxiliary Port
PC or UNIX Server
• Configurations can come
from many sources. Web or Network
Management
Server
• Configurations will act in
device memory.
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
User Interface Fundamentals
– A command line interface is used to
enter commands.
– Operations vary on different
internetworking devices.
Cisco
– Users type or paste entries in the IOS
console command modes.
– Enter key instructs device to parse
and execute the command.
– Two primary EXEC modes are user
mode and privileged mode.
– Command modes have distinctive
prompts.
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
IOS Software EXEC Mode
• There are two main EXEC modes for entering
commands.
First Mode:
User Mode
• Limited examination of switch or router
• Command prompt: hostname>
Privileged (or Enabled) Mode
• Detailed examination of switch or router
• Enables configuration and debugging
• Prerequisite for other configuration modes
• Command prompt: hostname#
1. Before you start the switch,
verify the cabling and console
connection.
2. Attach the power cable plug to
the switch power supply socket.
3. Observe the boot sequence:
– LEDs on the switch chassis.
– Cisco IOS software output text.
Enter Selection:
> UserMode Prompt
> enable
Enter password:
# PrivilegedMode Prompt
# disable
ContextSensitive Help Console Error Messages
Provides a list of Identify problems with any
commands and the switch commands that are
arguments associated incorrectly entered so that
with a specific command you can alter or correct them
Command History Buffer
Allows recall of long or
complex commands or
entries for reentry, review, or
correction
Switch#show running-configuration
Switch#show interfaces
Building configuration...
Current configuration:
!
hostname "wg_sw_c"
!
ip address 10.1.1.33 255.255.255.0
ip default-gateway 10.3.3.3
!
interface Ethernet 0/1
<text omitted>
interface Ethernet 0/24
!
Interface Ethernet 0/25
!
interface FastEthernet 0/26
!
interface FastEthernet 0/27
• Configuration Modes:
– Global configuration mode
– wg_sw_a# conf term
– wg_sw_a(config)#
– Interface configuration mode
– wg_sw_a(config)# interface e0/1
– wg_sw_a(config-if)#
Example:
software image
3. Observe the boot sequence:
– Cisco IOS software output
Find and apply router
text appears on the console.
configuration information
At any point you may enter a question mark '?' for help.
Use ctrl-c to abort configuration dialog at any prompt.
Default settings are in square brackets '[ ]'.
wg_ro_c con0 is now available
Setup Mode wg_ro_c>
UserMode
Prompt
At any point you may enter a question mark '?' for help.
Use ctrl-c to abort configuration dialog at any prompt.
Default settings are in square brackets '[]'.
Enter yourMahesh
selection
Parmar [2]:
CCNA MCSE CNE
Logging In To The Router
Console
Router# cl?
clear clock
Router# clock
• Symbolic Translation
• Command Prompting
% Incomplete command.
• Last Command Recall
Router# clock ?
set Set the time and date
Translating "CLOK"
% Unknown command
Router#or computer
clock name,
set or unable to find computer address
19:56:00
% Incomplete command.
Router#
clear Router#
clock clock set 19:56:00 ?
• Command
Router#
<1-31>
MONTH
Day of the month
Month of the year
Prompting
• Syntax Checking
% Incomplete command.
• Command
Router# ^
set Set %the time and input
Invalid date detected at the '^' marker
Prompting
Router# Router# clock set 19:56:00 04 August
% Incomplete
% command.
Incomplete command.
Shape the future of internetworking by creating
unprecedented value for customers, employees,
and partners.
(Automatic scrolling of long lines.)
CtrlA Move to the beginning of the command line.
CtrlE Move to the end of the command line.
EscB Move back one word.
EscF Move forward one word.
CtrlB Move back one character.
CtrlF Move forward one character.
CtrlD Delete a single character.
CtrlP or Up Arrow Last (previous) command recall.
CtrlN or Down Arrow More recent command recall.
Configuration Configuration
IOS
show show
runningconfig startupconfig
Console
Setup Utility
Configuration
Mode Prompt
Interface Router(config-if)#
Subinterface Router(config-subif)#
Controller Router(config-controller)#
Line Router(config-line)#
Router Router(config-router)#
IPX router Router(config-ipx-router)#
wg_ro_c#
wg_ro_c#copy running-config startup-config
Destination filename [startup-config]?
Building configuration…
wg_ro_c#
MessageoftheDay Banner
wg_ro_c(config)#banner motd #
Accounting Department
You have entered a secured
system. Authorized access
only! #
Interface Description
wg_ro_c(config)#interface ethernet 0
wg_ro_c(config-if)#description Engineering LAN, Bldg. 18
Virtual Terminal Password
Router(config)#line vty 0 4
Router(config-line)#login
Router(config-line)#password sanjose
Enable Password
Router(config)#enable password cisco
Secret Password
Router(config)#enable secret sanfran
• Prevents console session timeout
Router(config)#line console 0
Router(config-line)#logging synchronous
• Redisplays interrupted console input
• type includes serial, ethernet, token ring, fddi, hssi,
loopback, dialer, null, async, atm, bri, and tunnel
• number is used to identify individual interfaces
• For modular routers
Router(config-if)#exit
• Quits from current interface configuration mode
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Configuring Serial Interface
Router#configure term
•Enter Global Router(config)#
Configuration Mode
Router(config)#interface serial 0
Specify Interface Router(config-if)#
Set Clock Rate
Router(config-if)#clock rate 64000
(on DCE Interfaces Router(config-if)#
Only)
Set Bandwidth Router(config-if)#bandwidth 64
(Recommended) Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#exit
Router#
• Selects the mediatype connector for the Ethernet
interface
• Administratively turns off an interface
r#configure term
r(config)#interface serial 0
r(config-if)#no shutdown
-3-UPDOWN: Interface Seria0, changed state to up
PROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line Protocol on Interface Serial0, changed state to up
•Enables an interface that is administratively shut down
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Show Interface
Router#show interfaces
Ethernet0 is up, line protocol is up
Hardware is Lance, address is 00e0.1e5d.ae2f (bia 00e0.1e5d.ae2f)
Internet address is 10.1.1.11/24
MTU 1500 bytes, BW 10000 Kbit, DLY 1000 usec, rely 255/255, load 1/255
Encapsulation ARPA, loopback not set, keepalive set (10 sec)
ARP type: ARPA, ARP Timeout 04:00:00
Last input 00:00:07, output 00:00:08, output hang never
Last clearing of "show interface" counters never
Queueing strategy: fifo
Output queue 0/40, 0 drops; input queue 0/75, 0 drops
5 minute input rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec
5 minute output rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec
81833 packets input, 27556491 bytes, 0 no buffer
Received 42308 broadcasts, 0 runts, 0 giants, 0 throttles
1 input errors, 0 CRC, 0 frame, 0 overrun, 1 ignored, 0 abort
0 input packets with dribble condition detected
55794 packets output, 3929696 bytes, 0 underruns
0 output errors, 0 collisions, 1 interface resets
0 babbles, 0 late collision, 4 deferred
0 lost carrier, 0 no carrier
0 output buffer failures, 0 output buffers swapped out
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Interpreting Interface Status
Router#show interfaces serial 1
Hardware is HD64570
Description: 64Kb Line to San Jose
:: :: :: :: :: :: :: :: ::
Carrier Detect Keepalives
• Shows the cable type of serial cables
Media Supporting Frame
LANs Relay ATM Others
SNAP
• CDP is a proprietary utility that gives you a
summary of directly connected switches, routers,
and other Cisco devices.
• CDP discovers neighboring devices regardless of
which protocol suite they are running.
• Physical media must support the Subnetwork
Access Protocol (SNAP) encapsulation.
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Discovering Neighbors
• CDP runs on routers with Cisco IOS®
software Release 10.3 or later and Cisco
switches and hubs software.
• Summary information
includes: CDP
– Device identifiers.
– Address list.
CDP CDP
– Port identifier.
– Capabilities list.
– Platform. show cdp
RouterA#sh cdp ?
entry Information for specific neighbor entry
interface CDP interface status and configuration
neighbors CDP neighbors entries
traffic CDP statistics
<cr>
RouterA(config)#no cdp run
RouterA(config)#interface serial0
RouterA(configif)#no cdp enable
A#sh cdp neighbors
lity Codes: R Router, T Trans Bridge, B Source Route Bridge
S Switch, H Host, I IGMP, r Repeater
ID Local Intrfce Holdtme Capability Platform Port ID
B Ser 0 148 R 2522 Ser 1
A0050BD855780 Eth 0 167 T S 1900 2
SwitchA also provides its MAC address
RouterA#sh cdp entry *
Device ID: RouterB
Entry address(es):
IP address: 10.1.1.2
Platform: cisco 2522, Capabilities: Router
Interface: Serial0, Port ID (outgoing port): Serial1
Holdtime : 168 sec
Version :
Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software
IOS (tm) 2500 Software (C2500JSL), Version 12.0(3), RELEASE SOFTWARE (fci)
Copyright (c) 19861999 by cisco Systems, Inc.
Compiled Mon 08Feb99 18:18 by phanguye
RouterA#sh cdp traffic
CDP counters :
Packets output: 56, Input: 38
Hdr syntax: 0, Chksum error: 0, Encaps failed: 3
No memory: 0, Invalid packet: 0, Fragmented: 0
RouterA#sh cdp interface
BRI0 is administratively down, line protocol is down
Encapsulation HDLC
Sending CDP packets every 60 seconds
Holdtime is 180 seconds
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Remote devices
SwitchA RouterA RouterB SwitchB
S1
S0
10.1.1.2
10.3.3.2 10.3.3.1 10.1.1.1 10.2.2.1 10.2.2.2
RouterA#telnet 10.2.2.2
Trying 10.2.2.2 ... Open
Catalyst 1900 Management Console
Copyright (c) Cisco Systems, Inc. 19931998
All rights reserved.
Enterprise Edition Software
Ethernet Address: 009086733340
PCA Number: 73223906
PCA Serial Number: FAA02359H8K
Remote device
Model Number: WSC1924EN
System Serial Number: FAA0237X0FQ
.
.
SwitchB>
RouterA#sh session
Conn Host Address Byte Idle Conn Name
1 10.1.1.2 10.1.1.2 0 1 10.1.1.2
* 2 10.3.3.2 10.3.3.2 0 0 10.3.3.2
RouterA#sh user
Line User Host(s) Idle Location
* 0 con 0 10.1.1.2 3
10.3.3.2 2
11 vty 0 idle 1 10.1.1.2
RouterB#<CtrlShift6>x
RouterA#sh session
Conn Host Address Byte Idle Conn Name
1 10.1.1.2 10.1.1.2 0 1 10.1.1.2
RouterA#resume 1
RouterB#
RouterA#disconnect Closes the current
Closing connection to 10.3.3.2 [confirm] session opened by you
RouterA#clear line 11 Closes a session opened
[confirm] by a remote device
[OK]
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100byte ICMP Echos to 10.1.1.10, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), roundtrip min/avg/max = 4/4/4
ms
Router#trace 10.1.1.10
Type escape sequence to abort.
Tracing the route to 10.1.1.10
1 10.1.1.10 4 msec 4 msec 4 msec
Router#
ROM
Interfaces
Flash
Bootstrap POST
show version
• Contains microcode for basic functions
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Finding The IOS
show
startupconfig NVRAM
Configuration
show Register
version
Flash Console
Valid
No IOS in Yes Use IOS from
Boot Flash
No Flash
Field = 0 ?
0x0 No
Attempt to
Yes
Yes 5 Failures Get
? IOS from
Network
Run
ROM No
Monitor
Yes Config reg Yes Use File from
Success
Use IOS in ROM bit 13 = 1 No ? Network
(rxboot Mode) ?
NORMAL
No Valid Yes STARTUP
Load IOS Config Reg
Config COMPLETE
Bit 6 = 1
?
?
Yes No
SETUP
DIALOG
ROM: System Bootstrap, Version 11.0(10c), SOFTWARE
BOOTFLASH: 3000 Bootstrap Software (IGSBOOTR), Version 11.0(10c), RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)
wg_ro_a uptime is 20 minutes
System restarted by reload
System image file is "flash:c2500jsl_1203.bin"
More
Configuration register is 0x2102
• Configuration register value in show version
Configuration Register Meaning
Boot Field Value
Use ROM monitor mode
0x0 (manually boot using the b
command).
Automatically boot from ROM
0x1 (provides Cisco IOS software subset).
Examine NVRAM for boot
0x2 to 0xF system commands (0x2
default if router has Flash).
Flash
Console
Cisco
IOS show flash
wg_ro_a#sh flash
System flash directory:
File Length Name/status
1 10084696 c2500jsl_1203.bin
[10084760 bytes used, 6692456 available, 16777216 total]
16384K bytes of processor board System flash (Read ONLY)
Config Config
Cisco
IOS
show show
runningconfig startupconfig
Console
Setup Utility
copy startup running (merge)
config term
(merge)
erase
copy tftp run Console start
(merge) copy tftp start
wg_ro_a#copy runningconfig tftp
Address or name of remote host []? 10.1.1.1
Destination filename [runningconfig]? wgroa.cfg
.!!
1684 bytes copied in 13.300 secs (129 bytes/sec)
wg_ro_a#copy tftp runningconfig
Address or name of remote host []? 10.1.1.1
Source filename []? wgroa.cfg
Destination filename [runningconfig]?
Accessing tftp://10.1.1.1/wgroa.cfg...
Loading wgroa.cfg from 10.1.1.1 (via Ethernet0): !
[OK 1684/3072 bytes]
1684 bytes copied in 17.692 secs (99 bytes/sec)
system: nvram:
Flash TFTP
Server
flash: tftp:
Network
Router Server
FLASH Network
Server
c2500jsl_1203.bin
Network
Router Server
• Check access to the server.
• Check space available on the server.
• Check the filename convention.
• Create the file on the server, if required.
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Verifying Memory
wg_ro_a#show flash
System flash directory:
File Length Name/status
1 10084696 c2500jsl_1203.bin
[10084760 bytes used, 6692456 available, 16777216 total]
16384K bytes of processor board System flash (Read ONLY)
– Verify that Flash memory has room for the Cisco IOS
image.
wg_ro_a#copy tftp flash
Address or name of remote host [10.1.1.1 ]?
Source filename []? c2500jsl_1203.bin
Destination filename [c2500jsl_1203.bin]?
Accessing tftp://10.1.1.1/c2500jsl_1203.bin...
Erase flash: before copying? [confirm]
Erasing the flash filesystem will remove all files! Continue? [confirm]
Erasing device... eeeee (output omitted) ...erased
Erase of flash: complete
Loading c2500jsl_1203.bin from 10.1.1.1 (via Ethernet0): !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
(output omitted)
[OK 10084696/20168704 bytes]
Verifying checksum... OK (0x9AA0)
10084696 bytes copied in 309.108 secs (32636 bytes/sec)
wg_ro_a#