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Mechanics
Agus Suryanto
Division Pulmonologi
Departement of Internal Medicine
Diponegoro University / Kariadi Hospital
Semarang
Respiration
Definition;
Respiration refers to the processes
involved in oxygen transport from
the atmosphere to the body tissues
(cells) and the release and
transportation of CO2 produced in
the tissues to the atmosphere
Respiratory tract
Airway Branching
Respiratory unit
Airway wall structure at the three principal levels. The epithelial layer
gradually becomes reduced from pseudostratified to cuboidal and then to
squamous but retains its organization as a mosaic of lining and secretory
cells.The smooth muscle layer disappears in the alveoli. The fibrous layer
contains cartilage only in bronchi and gradually becomes thinner as the
alveolus is approached Fishmans Pulmonary Diseases and Disorde
Control of Respiration
Control system of respiration is achieved in
the brainstem ( Medulla and Pons) which
receives information from various sources in
the body where sensors monitor:
1.Partial pressures of O2 and CO2 in the blood
2.pH of the extracellular fluid within the brain
3.Mechanical changes in the chest wall
4.Metabolic changes
Respiratory Control System
Hyperventilation Hypoventilation
Causes Causes
Anxiety Obstruction:
Brainstem lesien Asthma
Drugs Chronic obstructive airways
disease
foreingn body
Brainstem lesion
Pneumothorax or lung collape
Trauma (e.g. Fractured rib)
Drug, notably opioids
Consequences Consequencies
Ventilation too great for metabolic Ventilation is too low for
demaand metabolic demand not enough
Too mush CO2 blown oof from the CO2 is blown oof at the lungs
lungs PaCO2 > 40 mmHg respirasi
PaO2 < 40 mmHg respiratory acidosis
alkalosis