Data Communication and Networking

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 1.DATACOMMUNICATIONS

The term telecommunication means communication at a distance.

The word data refers to information presented in whatever form is agreed upon
by the parties creating and using the data.

Data communications are the exchange of data between two devices via some
form of transmission medium such as a wire cable.

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 Effective Characteristics of Data Communication

Delivery (intended Reciever )

Accuracy (unchanged data)

Timeliness

Jitter (uneven delay in audio/video streaming)

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Five components of data communication

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 Figure 1.2 Data flow (simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex)

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 Signals

There are two types of signals to transfer data.

 Analog Signals
An analog signal are continuous and passes through or includes an infinite
number of continuous values along its path. The curve representing the
analog signal passes through an infinite number of points.
 Digital Signals:
A digital signal can have only a limited number of defined values.
Although each value can be any number,it is as simple as 1 and 0.
 Transmission Media

The means through which data is transformed from one place to

another is called transmission or communication media.
Types of Transmission Media
 Guided Media
Guided media are the physical links through which signals
are confined to narrow path.
Three common types of bounded media are used of the data
transmission. These are
Coaxial Cable
Twisted Pairs Cable
Fiber Optics Cable
 Coaxial cable
Coaxial cable is very common & widely used commutation media. For example
TV wire is usually coaxial. Coaxial cable gets its name because it contains two
conductors that are parallel to each other. The center conductor in the cable is
usually copper. The copper can be either a solid wire or stranded martial.
Outside this central Conductor is a non-conductive material. It is usually white,
plastic material used to separate the inner Conductor form the outer Conductor.
The other Conductor is a fine mesh made from Copper.
 Fiber optic cable
Fiber optic cable uses electrical signals to transmit
data. It uses light.
In fiber optic cable light only moves in one direction
for two way communication to take place a second
connection must be made between the two devices. It
is actually two stands of cable. Each stand is
responsible for one direction of communication. A
laser at one device sends pulse of light through this
cable to other device. These pulses translated into
1s and 0s at the other end.
In the center of fiber cable is a glass stand or core.
The light from the laser moves through this glass to
the other device around the internal core is a
reflective material known asCLADDING. No light
escapes the glass core because of this
reflectivecladding.
Twisted Pair Cable
The most popular network cabling is Twisted pair. It is light weight, easy to install,
inexpensive and support many different types of network. It also supports the speed
of 100 mps.
Twisted pair cabling is made of pairs of solid or stranded copper twisted along each
other. The twists are done to reduce vulnerably to EMI and cross talk.
The number of pairs in the cable depends on the type. The copper core is usually 22-
AWG or 24-AWG, as measured on the American wire gauge standard. There are two
types of twisted pairs cabling
1. Unshielded twisted pair (UTP)
2. Shielded twisted pair (STP)
Unshielded twisted pair (UTP)

UTP is more common. It can be either

voice grade or data grade depending
on the condition.
UTP cable normally has an
impedance of 100 ohm. UTP cost less
than STP and easily available due to
its many use.
There are five levels of data cabling
Shielded twisted pair (STP)
It is similar to UTP but has a
mesh shielding thats protects
it from EMI which allows for
higher transmission rate.
Unguided Media

Unguided media or wireless media doesn't use any physical

connectors between the two devices communicating. Usually the
transmission is send through the atmosphere but sometime it can be
just across the rule.
The three types of wireless media are:
Radio waves
Micro waves
Infrared waves
 12NETWORKS

A network is a set of devices (often referred to as

nodes) connected by communication links.
o A node can be a computer, printer, or any other
device capable of sending and/or receiving data
generated by other nodes on the network.

Topics discussed in this section:

Distributed Processing
Network Criteria
Physical Structures
Network Models
Categories of Networks
Interconnection of Networks: Internetwork
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 Devices used in networking

Mainly four devices are used in networking:-

Modem

Hub

Switch

Router
MODEM-(modulator-demodulator)
 Modem

A modem is a device that modulates an analog carrier signal to

encode digital information and also demodulates such a carrier signal
to decode the transmitted information.
The goal is to produce a signal that can be transmitted easily and decoded to
reproduce the original digital data. Modems can be used over any means of
transmitting analog signals, from light emitting diodes to radio.
There are two types of modem:-

internal modem
external modem
HUB

A common connection point

for devices in a network.
A hub contains multiple ports.
When a packet arrives at one
port, it is copied to the other
ports so that all segments of
the LAN can see all packets.
 Switch
A network switch is a small hardware device that joins
multiple computers together within one local area
network (LAN).
Network switches appear nearly identical to network
hubs, but a switch generally contains more intelligence
than a hub.
Unlike hubs, network switches are capable of inspecting
data packets as they are received, determining the
source and destination device of each packet, and
forwarding them appropriately.
By delivering messages only to the connected device
intended, a network switch conserves network
bandwidth and offers generally better performance than
a hub.
 Router

A router is a device that forwards data packets between computer

networks, creating an overlay internetwork.
A router is connected to two or more data lines from different networks.
When a data packet comes in on one of the lines, the router reads the
address information in the packet to determine its ultimate destination.
Then, using information in its routing table it directs the packet to the next
network on its journey.
Routers perform the "traffic directing" functions on the Internet. A data
packet is typically forwarded from one router to another through the
networks that constitute the internetwork until it gets to its destination node.
Router
 12NETWORKS

Network Criteria
Performance:
transit time (device to device)
response time (enquiry to response)
Throughput
delay
Reliability
Security

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 Figure 1.3 Types of connections: point-to-point and multipoint

If several devices can use the link simultaneously, it is a spatially shared

connection. If users must take turns, it is a timeshared connection.

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 Figure 1.4 Categories of topology

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 Figure 1.5 A fully connected mesh topology (five devices)

High speed, Little network

failure
Privacy and Security
Fault isolation
Fault identification

No. of links
No. of I/O ports
Costing

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 Figure 1.6 A star topology connecting four stations

Installation, reconfigure
Fault isolation and identification
Costing, I/O ports

Single point of dependency

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 Figure 1.7 A bus topology connecting three stations

Long distance issue

Installation
Number & length of cables
Reconnection, signal reflection

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 Figure 1.8 A ring topology connecting six stations

Uni-directional Dual ring

Installation
Repeaters
Fault isolation

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 Figure 1.9 A hybrid topology: a star backbone with three bus networks

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 Figure 1.10 An isolated LAN connecting 12 computers to a hub in a closet

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 Categories of Networks
LAN
Privately owned for office, home, buildings etc.
limited to few kms.
resource sharing
generally one type of transmission medium
speed
WLAN

WAN
Long distance transmission
either complex (Switched WAN) or simple (point to point WAN)
e.g. X.25 >> Frame Relay >> ATM
Wireless WAN

MAN
High speed, DSL, Cable TV network

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 Figure 1.11 WANs: a switched WAN and a point-to-point WAN

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 Figure 1.12 A heterogeneous network made of four WANs and two LANs

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 13THEINTERNET

Topics discussed in this section:

A Brief History
The Internet Today (ISPs)

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 Figure 1.13 Hierarchical organization of the Internet

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 14PROTOCOLSANDSTANDARDS

In this section, we define two widely used terms: protocols

and standards. First, we define protocol, which is
synonymous with rule. Then we discuss standards, which
are agreed-upon rules.

Topics discussed in this section:

Protocols
Standards
Standards Organizations
Internet Standards

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 14PROTOCOLSANDSTANDARDS

Protocols (rules)
what to communicate, how to communicate and when to
communicate
Key Elements of Protocols
1.Syntax
Structure of format of data
2.Semantics
Meaning of each section bits
3.Timing
When to send and how fast..

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 14PROTOCOLSANDSTANDARDS

Standards (agreed upon rules)

Categories of Standards
1.De facto.
By convention or by fact
2.De jure.
By Law or by Government

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