Graphic research Part

1
Ciaran Morton
 Pixel - Picture
Pixels are used in raster and bitmap images, they are rectangular, make up images and depending
on the amount of pixels determine the quality of the picture (e.g. 8-bit art is made up of a very small
amount of pixels compared to HD which is 1080 pixels per inch.) However, at a certain size even HD
images will eventually pixelate, this is because expanding then only expands the size of the pixels.
The only images that dont pixelate are called vector images, these are much different to bitmap and
raster images as they use points and lines instead of pixels, meaning expanding the image keeps all
the aspects the same (including quality).
Pixels are used in things like: TVs, monitors, phones, cameras etc. The more pixels, the higher
resolution the image is; for example HD is 1080p/1080ppi/1080 pixels per inch. Where as
SD/standard definition is only 720p/ 720 pixels per inch.

On the right is a graph with information on different screen sizes,

Aspect ratios, resolution width etc.
Pixel - element
Pixels/picture elements are the smallest controllable point on a image. Pixels are rectangles that are
coloured differently and grouped together to create an image. Each pixel is an individual element, if
one of them changes (e.g. changes colour, depending on the resolution it will change the image
slightly or drastically). Examples below:
Pixel - images
Images that use pixels are called raster or bitmap images, they also come in a variety of
sizes/resolutions; for example 720ppi (pixels per inch) and 1080ppi. The resolution of an image
determines the quality of the image. 1080 ppi is high definition (HD) and has to be expanded out a lot
before it will start to pixelate where as a 720ppi image is pixelated without having to expand it.
Because of this most people use raster images, especially in businesses so that they can use their logo
on things like a logo on business cards and on bill boards with the same image quality.
1080ppi 720ppi
Pixel - resolution
The resolution of an image is determined by the pixels per inch (ppi), for example HD images are
1080 ppi or higher where as SD images (standard definition images) are only 720 ppi or lower. The
benefit to having HD images is that you can stretch them further without them pixelating where as a
SD image is already slightly pixelated. The downside to having HD instead of SD is that because HD
has more pixels it takes up more memory to save. So better images (i.e. HD images take up much
more memory than standard definition (SD/720ppi) as there are more pixels in a high definition
image HD/1080ppi is 360 pixels more in every inch of the image compared to standard
definition/720p.
Pixel intensity
Pixel intensity is a lot like resolution, the higher the intensity the better the image quality. If the
image hasnt got intense pixels it will be faded/blurred/distorted causing the image to look bad and
be pixelated. In a camera intensity and capture size are quite important, if you have a camera with
high capture size but low intensity it will take large low resolution/ pixelated images, the other way
around (low capture size but high intensity it will take small HD images, however they will need to be
stretched out to be a decent size causing the image o pixelate.
Raster images compression
Raster images (or bitmap images) computers can compress to make the file size smaller. When this
happens the image resolution decreases. This is because the computer will try to save memory by
merge pixels together in order to decrease the file size. If you save a HD image the computer might
change it from HD to SD by grouping pixels together and lowering the resolution of the image.
(image 8 bit to left, 16 bit to right). Compressing one image wont save much memory, but 100
compressed images would save quite a lot of memory (an example 1 compressed saves 1MB, if 1024
compressed a GB of data is saved and improve the computers performance, clock speed, battery life
etc.)
Raster images file extensions
There are a lot of file extensions for raster/bitmap images, such as: (google android application
package) APK, (WhatsApp messenger message database file) CRYPT8, (V card file) VCF, and many
more. A raster image file extension basically means to change the address of the image from jpeg
to one of the names above, such as CRYPT8 or VCF. A file extension would add more data to the
image meaning that it would compress less and more detail from the image would be saved, if the
file extension is big enough the image could be made HD through editing or retaking and saving over
the previous image.
Raster images - bpm
BMP refers to bitmap, bitmap and raster are the same thing, these man images that are made up of
pixels, the resolution of these images refer to the amount of pixels that create these images, if the
resolution of the image is quite low the amount of pixels in the image will be quite low where if the
resolution of the image is high there will be a lot of pixels in the image, an example of this is low
resolution being 240 * 480 which means there are only 240 pixels per inch in high timed by 480 wide
per inch, this is very low compared to the higher resolution of 4k HD which is 4,000 pixels high and
wide per inch of the image, this means that there is a lot more detail in the image. The image to the
right shows the close up of a section of a low resolution image that shows the individual pixels that
create the image.
 Raster images - GIF
A GIF is a animated image without sound, basically a group of images being shown one after another
quickly. A GIF is a short video file that can be made easily and doesnt take up that much memory. GIFs take
up a lot more memory than still images as they have multiple still images within them, if they were
compressed the individual images would drastically decrease in detail and become pixelated. So, if creating
a GIF dont compress or try o compress very little or else the details will drastically decrease and the whole
GIF would come out pixelated and distorted. The image below is a screen shot from the gif.
https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/-OoGl0PFxXTY
/UyyBlBMEQOI/AAAAAAAABvw/JxjN1Js8id8/w800-h800
/130407.gif
(link to GIF)

GIFs can be made with both vector and raster images, however in this section it only requires information on
raster GIFS, so these are just the similar images played after each other but all of the images in the
sequence are raster images.
Raster images - TIFF
Tagged image file format, or TIFF is a way of storing images, this method is widely used by graphic
artists as TIFF supports image manipulation software, an example of this is Adobe Photoshop. TIFF
was originally created by Aldus, it was then bought by Adobe who launched an update for it in 1992
of the TIFF specification. When using Photoshop, to make it easier for the software you can go to
files and change the save fie from JPEG to TIFF so that Photoshop or another photo manipulator will
support the file type.
Raster images - JPEG
JPEG is a image compression technique, it is able to compress a photo and reduce it file size by 5
percent. The downsides to this are, 5% isnt a lot and some details will be lost from the image as
pixels have been merged to save data. However if the compression is high it could lose 50% of the
data, meaning the image could go from to range HD to a low standard grainy image. To stop this, just
have a lot of data spare before making an image, this means you wont actually have to compress
the image and it will stay a good quality.
Raster images - PNG
Like JPEG, PNG or portable network graphics are used to compress image file size. PNG is used to
compress file size so that the image wont take up to much data. PNG is mainly used to compress
gifs, the downside to compressing gifs is that you will lose detail in them because the images will
pixelate causing the entire animation to pixelate. By compressing graphics they get worse just to
save data, the best way to avoid PNG is ether use vector, as you cant compress a vector graphic
because it doesn't use pixels, you could also plan ahead and ensure you have a lot of free data by
ether clearing some space or buying a portable hard drive and storing data on it.
Vector images - psd
PSD is a common file type used in PhotoShop, this is commonly used to see if people have used the
editing software PhotoShop to edit the image as all, this can be detected even if the image is
converted in PhotoShop to a different or the original file type, this is because all images will contain a
history of who took them/the ID of the device that took the image, where it was saved or uploaded to
and all of the file type conversions the image has had, so when .jpg appears then .psd then .jpg
again it shows that someone has edited the image in PhotoShop, then used PhotoShop to convert the
image back into its original file type to make it look like it hasnt been edited or so 5that they can
use the image on a website or a different software that doesnt accept .psd files. The image below is
a thumb nail of the .psd file.

Vector in this context means that the psd is a vector image and cannot be compressed on PhotoShop
as compression only works on bitmap or raster images as compression removes pixels from the
image to save on data, in vector images it uses lines and mathematical points to aloe the image to
be stretched out and not become pixelated. This is the only differences between vector and
raster/bitmap graphics.
Vector images - wmf
WMF is an extension file used on graphic files and is solely available on Microsoft windows, this
means that other computer operating software cannot use, run or display graphic files that use .wmf
features. This extension allows the image to contain both bitmap and vector aspects, meaning that
parts/areas/layers of the image can be vector/bitmap and other layers can be bitmap/vector. In this
file, compression can be used on the sections of the image that are made up of pixels where the
vector elements of the image cannot be compressed as they are made up of lines and points instead
to allow the image to stretched without the image becoming pixelated. There are only specific
software that can open these images, these include: Microsoft: Word, Publisher and PowerPoint. This
shows that only Microsoft windows has access to these file extension graphics as the software's listed
above all belong to Microsoft.
WMF file extension mainly ties in with vector graphics as it incorporates vector graphic elements and
bitmap graphic elements together to create images that can have sections of the image that pixelate
and are that do not.
The image below Is a simple logo of the wmf feature.
Vector images - fla
I have worked with some FLA files before, these files are only created in editing software like Adobe
flash and Director Macromedia, above are both of the logos for these software. The FLA file format is
the master document format for Flash projects. This is known as the master format as it makes
you paste in all of the assets that make up the finished product before you start creating the
document, this is by having you import all of the images, music, video, etc. into the library of the
project before allowing you to paste it into the project. Below is an image of the director layout, I
have highlighted the library section with this red circle to show where the assets are imported into
the document.
Vector images - ai
AI is the file format commonly used by Adobe Illustrator, this is easy to spot as the file type is AI
which is the initials of Adobe Illustrator, this file type is a priority file format developed by Adobe
systems for representing single-page vector based drawings. This is how vectors are tied in with
Adobe illustrator, this is because illustrator is mainly used for creating vector images, this is due to
the fact they are made up of lines and points so when stretched they do not pixelate, instead the
points move out/in and the lines, curves and points adjust to the size to keep everything in the right
place without losing any of the detail, this is compared to raster images that just enlarge each of the
pixels in the image to fit the shape, this causes pixilation as the small pixels are stretched to fill a
much bigger space. The image below is the logo for Adobe Illustrator.
File extension - bmp
BMP is a shorter way of typing bitmap which is another name for raster images, these are images
made up of pixels, by extending bitmap images it commonly means to either extend the parameters
of the image or make the pixel density higher. By making the image bigger it either means to add
extra content to the image to add more pixels in-between the existing one to allow for a better
resolution, the more dense pixels allow for the image to look a lot better and allow for more shading
or depth or overall better quality of the image where as expanding the image could be adding
additional content around the existing one or just expanding what is already there which would
stretch the image casing pixilation., below is an image being stretched causing pixilation.
File extension - png
A png image can either be raster or vector, as I explained in the previous page File extension
bmp, the bitmap/raster images can be expanded with a higher pixels count, more content added to
the image or just by expanding what content is already there, typically pixelating the image further.
Raster extension is normally saving the raster image onto a bigger canvas as raster images take up
a lot of space due to the fact the image isnt pixels, the image is a lot of mathematical equations that
calculate what the image should look like in every single size it could possibly be made into e.g. the
image could be made into 1 pixel width and 1000 pixels long or 1000 pixels wide and 1 pixel long,
there are just some extreme examples where the image is just made into a line. Another way to
expand the vector image is to add more content to the image, e.g. expand the image out, an
example of this is the iPhone 5s key selling point where the person could take 180 degree images,
the image could be expanded on. The image below is an example of the 180 degree image, this is
not directly linked into this section, this is just and example of how an image like a landscape could
be taken and expanded upon to account for more content on either side. As the image I chose is
quite big it was saved as a very small image, this is why it is very pixelated.
File extension - gif
A GIF file extension can be a few different things, if the Gif is a raster/bitmap image it can be made
with better images (higher resolution images) or the project can be exported via lossless
compression over lossy compression meaning that the content within the GIF is compressed but non
of the pixels from any of the individual graphics are deleted in the compression process, instead the
taking pixels from the images, lossless compression finds the blank spaces in the images that can be
compressed without taking resolution away from the images and compresses that e.g. if the image
has a large border with one colour, the border can be compressed a lot as it will still look the same as
it is one solid colour.
Another way to extend a GIF is to extend the length of the GIF by adding in extra slides to make the
GIF longer. In GIFs the slides are played one after another in a stop motion style and common uses a
caption at the bottom of the Gif as GIFS do not use sound, this would make the GIF a mp4 or video
not a GIF. The image below is the logo for a GIF.
File extension - TIFF
Tiff files are tagged files and this file type was bought by Adobe and all the relevant Adobe software's
run TIFF files, Adobe bought TIFF file type when it was first introduced. Apart from the image being GEO
tagged and tagged by the device it was taken by it is not any different from any other bitmap/raster
image, this is because TIFF images are commonly taken on cameras that all convert the images they
take into pixels so the TIFF image is very uncommonly a vector image. Currently, most smart
phones/phones that can take images will use GEO tagging, this means that the image will have a log
that specifically says where and when the image was taken, this is good for when someone wants to
know where the place is e.g. looking at a landscape of mountains or a blue sky etc. This helps by
showing exactly where and when it was taken, it is also helpful for someone who is trying to organise
photos by places they went to, if they are unsure, they can look on the tag and find out.
The only ways I can think to extend a TIFF image is the same methods as extending the regular/bitmap
images, this is because the TIFF feature is just stating where and when the image was taken, therefore
there is no possible way to extend on the information when there are only three things TIFF does
differently and it already does this by telling people EXACTLY where the image was taken with an
address, postcode and GEO tag, it also states the EXACT second the image was taken and it states the
EXACT device the image was taken with. The image is a random TIFF image that should have a history
attached to it telling people who it was created by, when and what file types it used to be.
 File extension - jpg
JPG or JPEG is a common image file type, this is commonly a raster or bitmap image that is extended the ways I
have already written out on this report, below is a quote I took from one of my earlier slides on this subject:
By making the image bigger it either means to add extra content to the image to add more pixels in-between the
existing one to allow for a better resolution, the more dense pixels allow for the image to look a lot better and allow
for more shading or depth or overall better quality of the image where as expanding the image could be adding
additional content around the existing one or just expanding what is already there which would stretch the image
casing pixilation., below is an image being stretched causing pixilation.
The quote above was taken from the section titled File extension bmp, this is where I had to write about how you
can extend the bitmap images, this fits this section as jpg images are just a larger file size that use bitmap images
below is a diagram of sort of how the image is categorised.
JPEG/JPG > Bitmap/Raster
JPEG/JPG > Vector
PNG > Bitmap/Raster
PNG > Vector
The image is the same image used in the File extension bmp
section as it links in very well with what is mentioned throughout this page.
File extension - psd
PSD files are basically just files that have been edited within Adobe PhotoShop but have not been
exported, this is because PhotoShop saves files as its own format which is PSD, the image in the
bottom right is the logo for the PhotoShop file format, this is quickly changed once the person is
finished editing the image, this is mainly because there is a section within PhotoShop that allows the
image to be exported.
This is basically a repeat of the past several slides as PSD files are either bitmap/raster or vector
which I have covered several times above.
To put it very simply, the images ANY image can be extended by giving the image more
room/data, adding in additional content or very simply just making the image bigger on the screen.
Most of the time making the image bigger (more space) on images with pixels means that the
image gets a lot more detail.
Compression - Lossy
In this report I have briefly mentioned facts on lossy and lossless compression while explaining
methods of expanding different file types, below I am going to fully explain lossy compression.
Compression occurs when a file is exported from one file format to another, this is in order to save on
space by deleting some pixels from the overall image to reduce the file size. Lossy compression is
one of the two main compression types, this type is when the file loses some detailing e.g. reduced
the image by 10 pixels per inch, if the example image was 20 squared inches, the compression
would have removed 10*20*2 pixels which adds up to 400 pixels removed, this I very small on a HD
20 inch squared image as the overall amount of pixels will be 1024 * 20 * 2 which adds up to
102,482,082 pixels. This is just an example which isnt actually accurate as the size of the file is the
main factor, if the file id large a large percent of pixels will be deleted e.g. 4k HD images (1024 * 4
per inch = 4,096 pixels per inch) this would be something like 30% of the pixels would be removed to
try and considerably lower the amount of space the image takes up, in this example a large file
would be a 4K HD 42 inch image (e.g. screen shot from a 4K HD 42 TV) 30% of 4,096 amount of
pixels in the image which I calculated above equals 4096 * 42 (pixels per inch * inches in image) =
172,032 / 100 * 30 = 51,609.6 would be compressed from this image. The image below shows a
zoomed in aspect of an image showing pixilation.
Compression lossless
In this report I have already covered lossy compression, this section is lossless which is the successor
to lossy compression as lossy compression reduces the file size by taking away a percentage of the
pixels in the image based o the size of the image and folder size. Lossless compression does the
same as lossy compression but is able to reduce the file size without actually removing any of the
detail from the image, this is by removing the blank or empty space from the folder/file, this is
removing pixels from the image but lossy compression will determine what aspects of the image are
detailed and what can be rendered down without causing pixilation. By7 removing most/all of the
blank space lossless compression can remove the same, if not more file space from the file as lossy
compression.
The image below is of a lossless compressed image, this is of a 4K HD image, it is not pixelated as
the image is a 4K image and has been compressed with lossless so it has not lost any pixels or
definition.
Image capture - scanner
A image scanner will scan photos, text, handwriting and just about anything and turn it into a digital
photo. There used to be hand held scanners where you had to manually scan objects, but modern
scanners do everything electronically. The problem with scanners is that it wont pick up the softer
lines e.g. pencil to make sure it picks everything up you have to press down so that the lines are
clearer and the scanner will detect them.
Image capture digital camera
resolution
Digital cameras are normally limited to the image sensor. They also use light, the brighter the image
the more data it will take up, so when compressing a light digital camera image it will lose a lot of
detail and distort as it is reducing all of the pixels down and basically deleting information. To get a
high quality image, ether make sure the room/space is well light and there are not too bright/too
dark lights in the image. The easier one is buying an expensive digital camera with high
specifications.
Image capture - tablet
This section could mean wither images taken from tablet computers or a graphics tablet, the top
paragraph is of tablet images images taken from tablets (this section is very short) and the
paragraph below is for graphics tablets.

Images taken from tablets can vary in size, compression, resolution, additional features etc. This is
because there are so many different brands of tablet computers, high end/ow end etc. The high end
ones can have 4K HD images with large files, no/lossless compression etc. whereas low end tablets
will have worse graphics e.g. 240 * 480 ppi, lots of compression making it a really low resolution.

Graphics tablets refer to tablet computers that are plugged into desktops/laptops and allow people to
draw on the tablet which draws onto the documents or image displayed on the computer screen, the
image below is of a tablet computer and someone drawing on it. This is a high end type device that
works with editing software like Adobe, this allows the person to use a stylus instead of the mouse,
this is handy for art work developed on computers where by artists can work with a pen instead of a
mouse to draw on the editing software.
Bit depth - Sampling
Bit depth is the number of bits in a sample of digital audio. The bit depth determines the resolution of
each sample, for example a digital audio file that has a lot of bits is a good quality audio sample
where a compressed audio file could be distorted or poor quality. Therefore good quality audio clips
take up more data than low resolution audio clips because they have more bits in them, high quality
audio clips also have different layers all filled with bits, the same as images, compressing an audio
file will get rid of some bits and worsen the quality of the audio file will decrease just to save on data,
therefore to stop this all you need is a lot free data, just in case the audio file you create is large.
Bit depth bits per pixel
The number of bits per pixel determines the quality and resolution of the audio sample, the bigger
the file, the more data its holding so the audio sample will be a better quality than a small,
compressed file. This is similar to images as the more bits/pixels they have the better quality they
are. Images are made up of pixels, the more pixels, the higher resolution the image is, this is the
same for pixels as they are made of bits, the more bits, the higher relation each pixel is, meaning
the whole image becomes higher resolution, also it means the image can be starched more without
pixilation as the bits will be starched but will be s o small it would take a lot of starching before they
become visible. Just like is there are a low amount of bits per pixel, the image3 would only be have
to be starched very little before pixilation occurs.
Bit depth - monochrome
Monochrome, or colour depth is the number of bits used to indicate what colour a pixel is. Meaning
monochrome is used in all colour photos as it indicates what colour everything has to be. The higher
the colour depth, the more colours and shades will appear on the image, meaning the image will be
brighter or duller, however 32 bit monochrome might seem amazing, but when editing them there
only a few editing to9ols that can be used on it, therefore settling at 16 bit is a lot better as even
thought there arent as many colours, you can use all of the editing tools on it.
Bit depth - 256
In bit depth there are 256 colours, around 65,500 high colours, nearly 17 million true colours and
nearly 17 million colours including greyscale. There are also different types of colour, 8 bit colour, 16
bit colour, 24 bit colour, 32 bit colour etcetera excreta. Even though 32 bit colour monochrome is
better than 16 bit or 8 bit, 16 and 8 bit can be edited easily and with all of the tools, where as 32 bit
has a lot more colours and shades available to it but only very few tools compatible with 32 colour
bit monochrome.
Bit depth high colours
High colours or Hicolour or thousands of colours is a way of storing image data. The colour of a pixel
is usually supported by 16 bytes (16 bytes in a pixel). There is always a main colour depending on
how many bytes your computer will support for example, 15 bytes will have as main colour of red,
green and blue where 16 bytes will have a main colour of just green. 32 bit monochrome contains all
of the high colours, therefore has a lot more variations to 16 and 8 bit monochrome, although the
negatives about 32 bit not many editing tools drag it down significantly, hopefully in the next
version of Photoshop to be released it will have tools that support 32 bit, an example of tools that do
not support 32 bit on Photoshop are Liquefy.
Bit depth true colours
True colour is a method of storing image information, it has millions of colours, but red, green and
blue are the main three, this is because all of the other colours are a mix or shade of these three.
These three colours are in all monochromes (for example in 8, 16 and 32 monochrome) the only
difference between each monochrome is that 32 has a lot more shades than 8 and a few more
shade3s than 16. Currently the best one to use is 16 bit, this is because it might not have as many
shades as 32 bit, but it does support all editing tools (especially on Photoshop), unit there are a lot
more editing tools for 32 bit.
Colour space Grey scale
Greyscale is all the variations of black and white, from black at its most intense and white at its most
intense, the greyscale is mainly made up of grey colours. Grey scale is used mainly in black and
white co9lours, in a black and white image all of the colours are replaced with a shade of grey, for
example a blue and red image that is turned into black and white will be two different shades of
grey, even thought they arent colours there is still a way to distinguish the two of them, this is by
mixing black and white into different ratios, example image below: