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This document provides an overview of molecular biology and genetics. It discusses that the nucleus contains the cell's hereditary information and controls cell growth and reproduction. It defines key genetic terms like genome, gene, virus, and human gene count. It explains that a gene is a sequence of DNA that codes for an RNA molecule and that chromosomes are long DNA molecules that contain many genes along with other sequences like origins of replication and telomeres. The human genome contains over 3 billion DNA nucleotide pairs divided among chromosomes. The document also discusses chromatin structure and how eukaryotic DNA is packed with protein into chromatin fibers within the nucleus.
This document provides an overview of molecular biology and genetics. It discusses that the nucleus contains the cell's hereditary information and controls cell growth and reproduction. It defines key genetic terms like genome, gene, virus, and human gene count. It explains that a gene is a sequence of DNA that codes for an RNA molecule and that chromosomes are long DNA molecules that contain many genes along with other sequences like origins of replication and telomeres. The human genome contains over 3 billion DNA nucleotide pairs divided among chromosomes. The document also discusses chromatin structure and how eukaryotic DNA is packed with protein into chromatin fibers within the nucleus.
This document provides an overview of molecular biology and genetics. It discusses that the nucleus contains the cell's hereditary information and controls cell growth and reproduction. It defines key genetic terms like genome, gene, virus, and human gene count. It explains that a gene is a sequence of DNA that codes for an RNA molecule and that chromosomes are long DNA molecules that contain many genes along with other sequences like origins of replication and telomeres. The human genome contains over 3 billion DNA nucleotide pairs divided among chromosomes. The document also discusses chromatin structure and how eukaryotic DNA is packed with protein into chromatin fibers within the nucleus.
Assistant Professor . Nucleus Membraneboundstructure,containscel lheredityinformationandcontrolsthece llgrowthandreproduction. . . . Basic unit of genetics Genome: The total of the genetic material in the cell. Gene: Unit of heredity for a given genetic
trait (characteristics like tall , short , black or
blue eyes) .The site ona DNA molecule that carries the code for a certain cell function. Viruses: 4 or 5 genes. E.coli: 4228 genes. Human: ~31,000genes. A gene is defined as a nucleotide sequence in a DNA molecule that acts as a functional unit for the production of a RNA molecule.
A chromosome is formed from a
single , enormously long DNA molecule that contains a series of many genes. A chromosomal DNA molecule also contains three other types off unctionally important nucleotide sequences : replication origins and telomeres allow the DNA molecule to be replicated ,while a centromere is needed to attach the DNA molecule to the mitotic spindle , ensuring its accurate segregation to daughter cells. The human haploid genome contains 3109 DNA nucleotide pairs , divided among 22 different autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes . Only a small percentage of this DNA is thought to code for proteins. . Chromatin structure is based on successive levels of DNA packing While the single circular chromosome of bacteria is coiled and looped in a complex , but orderly manner , eukaryotic chromatin is for more complex. Eukaryotic DNA is precisely combined with large amounts of protein.
During interphase of the cell cycle ,
chromatin fibers are usually highly extended with in the nucleus.
During mitosis , the chromatin coils
and condenses to form short , thick chromosomes. Thanks