THE UNIVERSITY OF

LAHORE

Topic: How Cell obtain energy from Food

Presented To : Sir Farhan Khan
Presented By : Fatima Yousaf
Ali Noraiz Shah
Muhammad Ahmad Sarwar
Saba Liaquat
Kinza Imran
Huma Pervaiz
 Gregor Mendel, known as the
"father of modern genetics,"
was born in Austria in 1822. A
monk, Mendel discovered the
basic principles of heredity
through experiments in his
monastery's garden. His
experiments showed that the
inheritance of certain traits in
pea plants follows particular
patterns, subsequently
becoming the foundation of
modern genetics and leading
to the study of heredity.
 Energy

Sun is source of all energy

Through photosynthesis/dark reactions, plants convert solar

energy chemical energy + sugars
Water plus carbon dioxide into glucose.

Other organisms consume sugars, convert sugars to chemical

energy
Chemical bond energy in food
Catabolism of sugars (glucose) is most direct pathway to
chemical energy
 Sugar Chemical Energy

Overall products of sugar catabolism:

CO2
H2O
Reduced (activated) carriers
NADH
NADPH

In mitochondria, reduced carriers now oxidized

(lose electrons)
Electrons released to electron transport system\
Allow ATP synthesis in mitochondria
Location of Macromolecules in Cell
 Stage 1 - Digestion

In Eukaryotes (mammals):
Digestion
HCl -- stomach
Enzymes mouth, stomach, small intestine
Enzymes in the lysosome for internal cellular
digestion
Absorption through specialized cells in small
intestine bloodstream bodys cells
Metabolism begins in cell cytosol
Stage 2 - Glycolysis

Glycolysis starts in the cytoplasm

Glucose (6C) 2 pyruvate (3C each)
2 carrier molecules generated per pyruvate
2 molecules ATP (carries energy)
2 reduced NADH (carries electrons)
Pyruvate molecules move to the mitochondria
 Stage 3 Krebs Cycle/ETC

In the mitochondria pyruvate broken down to CO 2 and the

remaining 2 Cs (acetyl group) are added to Coenzyme A
Also can get Acetyl CoA from fats

Each acetyl CoA transfers the 2Cs to citric acid cycle where
carrier molecules are generated
GTP carries energy
NADH/FADH2 carry electrons

Electrons electron transport chain

Release energy used for oxidative phosphorylation
O2 needed for successful reaction ADP + Pi ATP
ATP moved to the cytosol for use
 Glycolysis

10 reactions, each catalyzed by an enzyme

Products or intermediates become more oxidized

through pathway
Doesnt react with oxygen atoms; rather lose
electrons to carriers
2 NADH generated from catabolism 1 glucose

Some steps are not spontaneous (+DG)

Coupled with subsequent spontaneous reactions
 Glycolysis

Uses 2 ATP to catabolize glucose

In coupled reactions hydrolysis of ATP allows non-
spontaneous reactions to proceed
Phosphates from ATP added to intermediates
Form high energy phosphate bonds
Now intermediates have higher energy

In later steps, generates 4 ATP

When phosphates cleaved from intermediates

Overall glycolysis yields (net gain) 2 ATP

Glycolysis
Glycolysis
Glycolysis
Glycolysis
Glycolysis
 Fermentation

Can generate ATP in

absence of O2 anaerobic

Anaerobic organisms create

ATP through glycolysis
Pyruvate converted to
ethanol and CO2 (yeast)
or lactate (muscle)

Process called fermentation

Lactic acid fermentation is
the conversion of pyruvic
acid into lactic
properties Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration
Presence of oxygen yes no
Number of ATP as net 36 2
profit
Final product CO2,H2O Lactic acid ,Ethanol+CO2
Site of occurrence Glyclolysis in cytoplasm In cytoplasm
kreb cycle and electron
transport chain in
mitochondria
Importance Major source of energy for Source of energy for
most organism anaerobic and anaerobic
organism Source of many
products(ethanol,cheese
etc)
 Fatty Acids as Energy Source

Fatty acids can be linked

to CoA (fatty acyl CoA)
and therefore yield
acetyl CoA that can
enter the citric acid
cycle

Generates NADH and

FADH2 for each
acetylCoA

Amino acids also can be

made to acetylCoA and
used in the Krebs cycle
Energy Produced in Mitochondria

Fats and sugars are major sources of energy

Acetyl CoA is made in the mitochondria
No surprise to learn that the energy is also harvested
in the mitochondria
In bacteria glycolysis and citric acid cycle in cytosol
 Citric Acid Cycle

2/3 of oxidation of C compounds in the average cell

End product is CO2 (waste) and NADH high energy molecules

(used later)

Requires O2 to regenerate NAD+ but not actually used in reactions

Link the acetyl group of Acetyl CoA to 4 C molecule,

oxaloacetate, to make 6 C citrate

By end of cycle, all the C of glucose is released as CO 2,

remembering that 1 CO2 was released in previous stage
Steps of citric acid cycle Citric Acid
Cycle
(TCA Cycle,
Krebs Cycle)

Step 1 Add acetyl CoA to

oxaloacetate, citrate (6 C)
Step 2 Isomerase, rearrange
atoms (6 C)
Step 3 Dehydrogenase, make
NADH, lose CO2 (5 C)
Step 4 Dehydrogenase, make
NADH, lose CO2, add CoA back to
molecule (4 C)
Step 5 Generate GTP, remove
CoA (4 C)
Step 6 Dehydrogenase, make
FADH2, rearrange atoms (4 C)
Step 7 Add H2O (4 C)
Step 8 Dehydrogenase, make
 Electron transport chain

Anelectron transport
chain(ETC) is a series of
compounds thattransfer
electronsfromelectron
donors
toelectronacceptors via
redox reactions, and
couples thiselectron
transferwith the
transferof protons
(H+ions) across a
membrane.
Electron-Transport Chain
Final step in energy generation
most energy released here
e- of NADH and FADH2 move through
the chain, moving to lower energy
level
Occurs in the inner membrane of
the mitochondria
Specialized molecules accept and
donate e- as they move down chain
Create an electrochemical gradient
As e- move down chain, H+ move across
the membrane, altering the
concentration of H+ on either side =
gradient
Gradient used to generate ATP
 Oxidative Phosphorylation
e- eventually end up on O2 and with the H+ form H2O e- is at
least energy level
Complete oxidation of glucose produces 6 CO 2, H2O and ~30 ATP
Glycolysis alone produces just 2 ATP
In bacteria it occur in plasma membrane
In eukaryotes it occur in the inner mitochondrial membrane
Conclusion:

Glucose and other food molecules are broken down by

controlled stepwise oxidation to provide chemical energy in
the form of ATP and NADH. These are three main sets of
reactions that act in seriesthe products of each being the
starting material for the next:glycolysisthe citricacidcycle
andoxidative phosphorylation(on the inner
mitochondrialmembrane).
Conclusion

The intermediate products of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle

are used both as sources of metabolic energy and to produce
many of the small molecules used as the raw materials for
biosynthesis. Cells storesugarmolecules asglycogenin animals
andstarchin plants; both plants and animals also use fats
extensively as a food store. These storage materials in turn serve
as a major source of food for humans, along with the proteins that
comprise the majority of the dry mass of the cells we eat.