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Industrial Revolution

(1700s-1950s)

3 Main Phases

1st Phase- (1700-1870s)


Agricultural Revolution-
Began in England- Producing more food with
less labor and cost.

a)Technology was key:


The Seed Drill, The Cotton Gin, Steam Engine

b) Parliament encouraged change through the


Enclosure Acts

c) England had plenty of coal, rivers, and


transitional labor.
2nd Phase- (1750-1850)
(key energy sources: coal & steam)
Textile Revolution- Also happened in England
because of their Agricultural innovations.
To accomplish this goal,

Narrowly focused on one simple premise: India must be controlled.


BE THE WORLDs MAIN PROVIDER OF CLOTH and
First economically and later
TEXTILES.
An industry previously dominated by India. politically and militarily.
From Spodek pg 567:
The key was to automate every phase of the process: It took hand spinners in India
1-Harvesting-(Seed drill- 1701) 50,000 labor hours to produce
2-Processing- (Cotton Gin - 1793) 100 pounds of cotton yarn.
3-Spinning-(Spinning Jenny- 1764) By, 1825 in England, it took
4-Weaving-(Power Loom - 1785, Flying Shuttle -1733)
135 labor hours. . .a 23,537%
5-Dyeing/Coloring-(not improved until second industrial
revolution 1856.) increase! Thanks to Emily
Petrovski and Mr. Simpson
Health Risks and
Environmental Factors
Case: The Peppered Moth

http://www.ucl.ac.uk/taxome/jim/pap/malletgensoc03
.pdf
Which moth is it?
Final Phase- (1850-1950)
(key energy sources: oil, electricity)

Synthetic Revolution- Englands narrow emphasis


causes them to fall behind in later technological advances.

Germany & The United States- Take the lead in this new
era of :
MAKING SOMETHING FROM NOTHING!
For example- Oil (originally a coal waste product) leads to
petroleum, which in turn leads to plastics.

Internal combustion-engines leads to automobiles,


airplanes, weapons

Or Electricity (Dynamo leads to Electric Motors,


Incandescent Lights, Frequency Transmission/reception-
Radio, Telegraph, Telephone)

Or Chemicals- fertilizers, dyes, medicines, steel


Financial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution is CAPITAL hungry. Finance Capitalism


Capital=Resources, Land, Structures, Labor. To create an economy of scale, a great deal of
capital is required.
Thus economies of scale were created to
manage all of the capital outlays while still Thus, corporations are created whereby
maximizing profit. investors give their money to a corporation in
exchange for partial ownership or a share in the
Two main models developed: company. (These shares become derivatives and
possess value.)
Vertical Integration- Controlling all aspects of a
production process ex: Henry Ford The problem arises when corporations in attempt
(automobiles), Andrew Carnegie (steel) to create the most effective economy of scale at
times attempt to eliminate all competition (the
Horizontal Integration- Controlling one aspect of greed which can accompany a capitalist
within many production processes ex: JP Morgan philosophy). This is a monopoly.
(banking), Cornelius Vanderbilt (railroads) Monopolies are bad because:
They dont encourage low prices
They dont ecnourage product quality...
Enter, the Cult of
Domesticity
What is this cult!?
Why did this cult form!?

Women and Children First!

With industrialization and low wages often


times whole families had to work.

Women and children were smaller so often they


were the ones to work directly in or even on the
machines risking life and limb.
Enter, the Cult of
Domesticity
The Victorian era, is characterized as the
domestic age, epitomized by Queen
Victoria, who came to represent a kind
of femininity which was centered on the
family, motherhood and respectability.
Accompanied by her beloved husband
Albert, and surrounded by her many
children in the sumptuous but homely
surroundings, Victoria became an icon
of late-19th-century middle-class
femininity and domesticity.
Enter, the Cult of
Domesticity
http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/engli
sh/melani/novel_19c/thackeray/angel.htm
l
Modern/Contemporary Political Orientation

Conservative Liberal Radical

Change only when we have Change is an essential Change for Changes sake
to!
ingredient to a successful Blow it all up and Start over!
The Status Quo is good, representative government!
(if it aint broke dont fix it) The Status Quo is Wrong!
If we dont change we
stagnate and dissolve.
Slow intentional change is Ex: Committee for Public
the best kind. The electorate is key in this
Safety, Cromwell (late)
process.
Robespierre
Ex: Early Modern Absolute
Monarchies, The sons of Ex: Cromwell (early), Jacobins,
Metropolis Girondin, Young Freder and
Maria

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