PROTIS

T
MEMBERS
NURLIYANA (190251)
SHARIFAH NUR SYAMIMI (189215)
RAIYANNAH (189009)
NUR AMIRAH HANANI (190466)
NOR FATIN (188319)
NOR ZALINA (189971)
NUR FADZILAH (190243)
HANISAH ZAWANI (190152)
AMANINA NAWWARAH (190364)
NUR FARA ALIA (190451)
 What is
Protist ?
An organism from
Most are unicellular
and some are
Kingdom Protista multicellular
Eukaryotes Have Vary in how they
a nucleus obtain food (some
Most protists are autotrophs,
reproduce asexually some are
with binary fission heterotrophs, some
but some can are both)
reproduce sexual They all prefer
by conjugation. aquatic or moist
environment
 BENEFITS
Food source Medical research
E.g. : Spirulina Protists also play a role in
sp. & Chlorella the ecosystem because of
sp their role in diseases.
Contain high Some of the diseases they are
protein, vitamin associated with include
and mineral malaria and sleeping
sickness.
The protists can also be used
to create vaccines for these
same diseases. There are some
simpler everyday uses for
protists as well, including
soup thickeners, filters and
polishing products
Industry product
The carrageenan, which
is extracted from red
algae.
This is used to make
puddings and ice cream
solid.
Chemicals from other
kinds of algae are used
to produce many kinds
of plastics.
CLASSIFIC
ATION
PLANT-
LIKE

ANIMAL- FUNGUS-
LIKE LIKE
 plant-like
protists
Plant-like protists are autotrophs.
Do not have true stems,root, or leaves.
live in oceans, ponds, or lakes.
Protists can be unicellular (single-celled)
or multicellular (many-celled).
 PLANT-
LIKE
DINOFL
DIAT AGELLA EUGLI
TES NOID
OMS
S
 DIATO
PENNATES
MS
Diatoms are unicellular organisms
have a yellow-brown chloroplast
that enables them to
photosynthesize.
Their cell walls are made of silica
almost like a glass house.
There are two different groups of
diatoms, the pennates which are
pen-shaped and the centric which
are like a cylinder. In fresh water
most diatoms you will see are of the
pennate type.
CENTRIC
They are most numerous in fresh
water.
Many species of diatom stay
connected after the cells divide.
They form colonies, long chains.
Sometimes only the tips are
connected and they form a zigzag
pattern.
Move in a slow gliding fashion
in the direction of the length of the
cell.
DINOFLAG One-celled aquatic organisms having
characteristics of both plants and

ELLATES animals.

Most are marine, though some live in

freshwater habitats.

Have 2 flagella that make the protists

spin

Most use photosynthesis, but some get food

as consumers, decomposers, or parasites

Produce some of the bioluminescence

sometimes seen in the sea.

Some dinoflagellates produce toxins

When they produce very fast, they cause

red tide, where the water turns red and
the shellfish eat the algae, making the
shellfish poisonous to all vertebrates.
 EUGLENO
IDS
Single cell
They can live as autotroph or mesotrophic
When theres not enough light, they are consumers

EUGL Some dont use photosynthesis at all because they dont

have chloroplast. Instead, they just eat other protists
ENOI or take in nutrients
They move using a flagellum toward light
DS Reproduce asexually by binary fission
Euglenoids are commonly found in freshwater.
 ALGAE
GRE
RED BR EN
Rhodop
hyta OW Chlorop
hyta

N ADDITI
 animal-like
protists
Animal-like protists are called protozoa.
Like animals, they can move, and they are
heterotrophs.
Animal-like protists are very small
AM FLAG
CILIA
OE SARC ELLAT
TES
BA ODINE ES
S

ty
p
# Amoebas are # Most ciliates live in # Sarcodines are # Most flagellates live in
protozoa which move water environments. found mostly in fresh freshwater but can be
by employing and saltwater parasites, causing
pseudopodia which # All ciliates use cilia to disease
environments, but can
are like temporary move. live in hosts as # The flagellates are
feet parasites. protozoa which move by
# Cilia is a short, hair- means of flagellar
# Many amoebas also like # Sarcodines move by action.
employ their structures that wave using pseudopods
pseudopodia to engulf gently to move the # Some flagellates have
their flagella attached in
food organism. # Pseudopods is an
a structure called an
extension of the cell undulating membrane.
# Amoebas live in # Organisms that use membrane and
moist terrestrial or cilia for movement cytoplasm means false # Flagellates tend to
aquatic environments appear to move in foot have symbiotic
AM smooth, straight lines.
SARCO
relationships with
FLAGEL
CILIAT
Eg: paramecium multicelled organisms.
OEB DINES LATES
ES
A
 Fungus-like
protists
Obtain energy by decomposing organic materials
Not in kingdom fungi because they have
cellulose instead of chitin in their cell
walls.
 Slime


Amoeboid stage
Produce spores like
fungi
Mold Have both
fungal and
animal
characteristi
cs.
Mass of protoplasm with
Plasmodial many nuclei
(acellular) (plasmodium)
1. Amoeba stage : Germinate
from a spore Slime Capable of sexual
Life molds. reproduction
2. Slug stage : Many amoebas
aggregate and sheath cycle of
forms. Cellular
3. Fruiting body : Releases Slime
spores which germinate Mold
into amoebas Live in cool,
damp places Eg: forest floor
example

Feed on
bacteria
growing on
rotting lags
and decaying
leaves.
 water
Mold
Officially named
Oomycota, also known as
downy mildews & white
rusts.
Found in wet
environments, especially
in fresh water sources and
near the upper layers of
moist soil.
Have cell wall of cellulose
Self-motile spores of
 Cellular plasmodial
WATER MOLDS
slime molds slime molds
phylum Acrasiomycota phylum Myxomycota phylum Oomycota

Move like an amoeba & Moves like an amoeba &

grow fuzzy white threads
engulfing food along the engulf food along the way
on dead material.
way (microorganism)

form flagellated
form a structure called a form a structure called a reproductive cells during
plasmodium plasmodium their life cycles.

produces spores
What Is
Adaptation?
Physical or behavioral characteristics that
develop for the organism to SURVIVE
 Types of
Adaptation

Physiological Morphological Behavioral

PHYSIOLOGI
CAL
Response of an individual towards external

ADAPTATION
stimulus in order to maintain constant
internal environment(HOMEOSTASIS)
 Encystation of
Giardia lamblia
Occurs at pH of 7.8
Presence of fatty acid
conjugated with bile
salts
Happens in 2 phases
Ph Cell wall protein synthesized and transported
to outer part of cell
ase Increase in cell wall synthesis cause golgi-
like structure to appear
1 Proteins (contain leucine-rich signature) are
moved to Encystation-specific vesicle (esv)

Cyst wall assemble and morphological changes

Ph Assembly begins with cyst wall filaments
ase filamentous cell wall assembled

2 Trophozoites loses motility

Cyst enclose 2 trophozoites that are physically
joined resulting the presence 4 nucleus
MORPHOLOGI
CAL
Physical changes that occur over many

ADAPTATION
generations of living things.
(Charles Darwin)
 ENDOSYM
BIOSIS
Eukaryotes are product of one prokaryotic
cell engulfing another, one living within
anotherTHEORY

Evolving together over time until one

separate cells were no longer
recognizable.
1. Smaller prokaryotic cell invaded/ engulfed by larger
prokaryotic cells
2. Smaller cell benefited by getting nutrients and safe place
to live
3. Larger cells benefited by getting some of the organic
molecules/ energy released by smaller cells
4. Smaller cells evolved into organelles in larger cells,
neither could live without the other.
AM PARA EUG
OEB MECI LEN
UM
A A
A
M
O Pseudopodia are a distinguishing features for
the species
EB
Pseudopodia => specialized structure that help
A amoeba move and feed on prey.
BEHAVIORAL
ADAPTATION
Things that organism do in order for
them to survive
 CHARACT
ERISTICS
Shells made up from chiton
(PROTECTION)
Bioluminescent
radiates blue green light
Lingulodinium (by reaction of substance
luciferin and enzyme
polyedrum luciferase in presence of
oxygen)
marine dinoflagellates water can have an
appearance of sparkling
light
use bioluminescence as a
defense mechanism
startle their predators by
their flashing light
 Production of algal
bloom and red tides
Red tides occur Algal bloom is a When there is an
when the rapid increase or abundance of
production of accumulation in nitrogen, it will
dinoflagellates the population of
trigger the
algae.
increase, and production of
create the algal bloom which
production of is harmful towards
algal bloom. organisms such as
fish.
RED
TIDES
diseases
 Diseases

AMOEBIC
DYSENTERY

MALARI
A

AFRICAN
TRYPANOSOMIAS
IS
 LEISHMANIASIS

VAGINITIS

PNEUMONIA
 AMOEBIC
DYSENTERY

Also known as amoebiasis
Spread through food and water.
Caused by parasitic amoebic (Entamoeba histolytica)
that live in human large intestine
Complication arise when parasite invade the intestinal
lining and reproduce there cause infective cyst.
Free amoebae that do not form infective cysts tend to
die in the acidic environment of the stomach.
 Malaria

Plasmodium are sporozoans and transferred from person
to person through female Anopheles mosquitoes

People who suffer from malaria will experience

symptoms such as shivering, sweating & high fevers
 AFRICAN
TRYPANOSO
MIASIS

Known as Africans sleeping sickness.
Trypanosomes(Trypanosoma brucei) are parasitic
kinetoplastids that passed to human by insect
bite(tsetse fly)
White blood cell in infected human accumulate around
blood vessel leading to brain and cut off circulation.
Because of not enough supply of oxygen to brain causes
permanent brain damage.
 LEISHMANIA
SIS

Caused by Leishmania parasites that used sandflies as
vector
Found in tropics, subtropics and Southern Europe
Symptoms: Skin sores, fever, damage of spleen &
liver, and anaemia
 PREVEN
1) Drink only boiled
water.
TION
1) Protect ourselves
2) Avoid drinks with ice against mosquitoes bite
cube because its not and taking antimalarial 1) Minimize exposed

AMOEBIC
safe . medicines. skin
3) Avoid fresh fruit or
DYSENTE
2) Young children and
LEISHMA
2) Apply insect
vegetable that peeled
Malaria
pregnant women avoid
repellent
NIASIS
by someone else. traveling to areas where
malaria is common.
RY
4) Wash hand with soap
before eating
3) Use bed nets (mosquito
netting) sprayed with or
3) Stay in air-
conditioned areas

5) Avoid milk and cheese soaked in an insecticide

such as permethrin .
that have not been
pasteurized.
 1. Wear long-sleeved shirts
and pants of medium-weight
material in neutral colors
. Tsetse flies are
attracted to bright or
dark colors, and they can
bite through lightweight

AFRICAN
clothing.
2. Inspect vehicles before

TRYPANOS
entering. The flies are
attracted to the motion
and dust from moving
OMIASIS
vehicles.
3. Avoid bushes. The tsetse
fly is less active during
the hottest part of the
day but will bite if
> <

B
disturbed.
4. Use insect repellent.

Thanks!
Any questions?