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CHEMICAL BONDS
WHAT YOU WILL LEARN IN THIS
CHAPTER..
Explaining the stability of inert gas
I. Ionic bonds
II. Covalent bonds
THE STABILITY OF NOBLE GAS
The noble gas of group 18 = stable, inert,
inreactive
Element Symbol Electron
Arrangement
Helium He 2
Neon Ne ?
Argon Ar 2.8.8
Do not donate or receive electron, as their valence
shell are full (achieve duplet or octet)
Will not form compounds or molecules. Are
chemically unreactive and exist as monatomic
gases.
FORMATION OF CHEMICAL BONDS
Other than noble gas, other elements can combine
among themselves or with atoms of another
elements through the formation of chemical bonds
To achieve stable noble gas electron arrangement.
M Mx+ + xe-
(metal atom) (positively charged ion)
IONIC BONDS
The non-metal atoms accept the electrons
donated by the metal atoms to achieve stable
noble gas electron arrangement.
Thus, negatively charged ions are formed.
Q + ne- Qn-
(Non-metal atom) (Negatively charged ions)
Opposite charged ion are attracted by strong
electrostatic forces which is called ionic bond.
Metal atom electron Non-metal atom
transfer
donates accepts
electrons electrons
Li Li
Mg Mg
F F
F (2.7) F- (2.8)
Proton = +9 Proton = +9
Electron = -9 Electron = -10 (gain 1e-)
Charged = 0 Charged = -1
Receive electron
O O
Proton = +8 Proton = +8
Electron = -8 Electron = -10 (gain 2e-)
Charged = 0 Charged = -2
Positively Ion Negatively Ion
(Such as Na+ ) (Such as Cl- )
Cation Anion
Positive Negative
No. proton > No. electron No. proton < No. electron
Transfer electron
Transfer electron
O
[ ] +
[ ] -
SODIUM METAL+ CHLORINE GAS=
TABLE SALT
+
Molecule
H 2O NH3 CH4
Number of each
kind of atom in O = 1 N=1 C=1
molecule H=2 H=3 H=4
Valence
electrons for O=6 N=5 C=4
each atom H=1 H=1 H=1
Total number
O=1x6=6 N = 1 x 5 = 5 C = 1 x 4 = 4
of valence
H=2x1=2 H=3x1=3 H=4x1=4
electrons
6+2=8 5+3=8 4+4=8
Skeleton
Structure
Arrangement of
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