ACMPS

UNIT-2
 GUASS- ELIMINATION
METHOD
Guass elimination is a method of solving linear system
Ax=B(consisting of m equations in n unknowns) by
bringing the augmented matrix

Into to an upper triangular form by using row-column

transformations.

This process is also called forward elimination method.

 Example
Solve the following system of
equations:
2x+4y+6z=22
3x+8y+5z=27
-x+y+2z=2

Solution
Multiply the first equation by 2
x+2y+3z=11
3x+8y+5z=27
-x+y+2z=2
 Write in matrix form

1 2 3 11
3 8 5 27
-1 1 2 2

1 2 3 11
0 2 -4 -6 (R2= -3R1+R2)
-1 1 2 2

1 2 3 11
0 1 -2 -3 (R3=R1+R3)
0 3 5 13

1 2 3 11
0 1 -2 -3 (R3=R3-3R2)
0 0 11 22
The solutions are
11z=22 z=2
y-2z=-3
x+2y+11z=22
On solving the above equations
( x y z)= (3 1 2).
3
.
4.
5.
LU DECOMPOSITION
EXAMPLE:1
EXAMPLE:2
EXAMPLE:3
NOTE:

REASON:
 LDU DECOMPOSITION
LDU decompositions, derive three matrices L, D, and U from A such that

LDU=A

where L is unit upper triangular,

D is diagonal, and
U is unit lower triangular.

It should be obvious that the storage requirements of LDU decompositions and

LU decompositions are the same.
EXAMPLE:1
EXAMPLE:2
EXAMPLE
:3
EXAMPLE:3
EXAMPLE:4
CHOLESKY FACTORIZATION
ALGORITHM
STEPS:

This method is suitable for only symmetric matrices.

EXAMPLE:
2
EXAMPLE:3
EXAMPLE:
4
ALGORITHM FOR FORMATION OF
ZBUS:
MODIFICATION OF BUS IMPEDANCE MATRIX
FOR THE CHANGES IN THE NETWORK:
Modification of bus impedance matrix consists of four
steps

1. Adding a new bus to the reference bus

2. Adding a new bus to an existing bus through an
impedance
3. Adding an impedance to the reference bus from an
Existing bus
4. Adding an Impedance between two existing buses
5. Direct determination of Zbus matrix
1.Modification of Bus Impedance Matrix

Let us assume that ann-bus power system exists in which the

voltage-current relations are given in terms of the bus impedance
matrix as

The aim is to modify the matrixZorigwhen a new bus or line is
connected to the power system.
2. Adding a New Bus to the Reference Bus

It is assumed that a new bus p( p> n) is added to the reference bus

through an impedance Zp. The schematic diagram for this case is shown in
Fig. 3.7. Since this bus is only connected to the reference bus, the voltage-
current relations the new system are

Fig:3.
7
 Adding a New Bus to an Existing Bus through
an Impedance
This is the case when a bus, which has not been a part of the
original network, is added to an existing bus through a transmission
line with an impedance ofZb.
Let us assume thatp(p>n) is the new bus that is connected to
busk(k<n) throughZb.
Then the schematic diagram of the circuit is as shown in Fig. 3.8.
Note from this figure that the currentIpflowing from buspwill alter
the voltage of the busk. We shall then have

In a similar way the currentIpwill also alter the voltages of all the
other buses as
 Furthermore the voltage of the buspis
given by

Therefore the new voltage current relations are

Fig:3.8
It can be noticed that the new Zbusmatrix is also symmetric.
 3. Adding an impedance between two
existing buses
Let us assume that we add an impedance Z between b
two existing
buses kand jas shown in Fig. below.

Therefore the current injected into the network from the bus kside will be
Ik- Ib instead of Ik. Similarly the current injected into the network from the
bus jside will be Ij + Ib instead of Ij. Consequently the voltage of the ithbus will be
 We shall now have to eliminate Ib from the above equations. To do that
we note from Fig that

Substituting equations we get

We can then write the voltage current

relations as

Where,