CHAPTER 5

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER &

NON LINEAR CIRCUITS
RUWAIDA BT HJ RAMLY

EE/RUWAIDA HJ RAMLY
 OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER
Usually called op-amp

An amplifier = a device that accepts a

varying input signal and produces a similar
output signal with a larger amplitude.

Usually connected so part of the output is

fed back to the input. (feedback loop)

Most op-amps behave like voltage amplifiers.

They take an input voltage and output a 2
scaled version.
EE/RUWAIDA HJ RAMLY
 OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER
They are the basic components used to
build analog circuits.

The name operational amplifier comes

from the fact that they were originally
used to perform mathematical operations
such as summation, subtraction,
integration and differentiation.

Integrated circuit fabrication techniques

have made high-performance operational
amplifiers very inexpensive in comparison
to older discrete devices. 3

EE/RUWAIDA HJ RAMLY
 OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER
Definition (electronics)

a very high gain, high

input resistance and low
OP-AMP output
resistance dc negative feedback
amplifier which can
amplify signals having frequency
ranging from 0Hz up to a little
beyond 1MHz.

EE/RUWAIDA HJ RAMLY
 OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER
Symbol
+Vs
V1 -
Vo
V2 +

-Vs
V1: inverting input
V2: non inverting input
Vo: output
+Vs: positive power supply (dc) 5
-Vs: negative power supply (dc)
EE/RUWAIDA HJ RAMLY
 OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER
Op-amp power supply
must be dc
can be connected in one of three
ways

+Vs +Vs

-Vs -Vs

EE/RUWAIDA HJ RAMLY
 OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER
IC Identification

identified using 7 character ID

code

Prefix Designator Suffix

MC 741C N

EE/RUWAIDA HJ RAMLY
 OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER
IC IDENTIFICATION CODE

EE/RUWAIDA HJ RAMLY
 OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER

Applications

Amplification
Analog computer operations summation,
subtraction, integration, differentiation etc.
Instrumentation & control system
Phase shifts & oscillator circuit

EE/RUWAIDA HJ RAMLY
 OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER
Packaging

3 different packages

Standard dual-in-line package (DIP)

TO-5 case
Flat pack

10

EE/RUWAIDA HJ RAMLY
 OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER
Types of packaging and pin connections

11

EE/RUWAIDA HJ RAMLY
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER

The pin connections of nearly all op amps

are standard

Pin 1 - no connection
Pin 2 - inverting input
Pin 3 - non inverting input
Pin 4 - negative power supply
Pin 5 - no connection
Pin 6 - output
Pin 7 - positive power supply 12
Pin 8 - no connection
EE/RUWAIDA HJ RAMLY
 OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER
Most popular op-amp in industry

741

Why?

save (less expensive)

short circuit protected

13

EE/RUWAIDA HJ RAMLY
 IDEAL OP-AMP

OPEN LOOP condition:-

when the op-amp is operated without connecting
any resistor/capacitor from its output to any of its
input = no feedback

Op-amp under this condition = ideal op-amp

The specifications under such condition = open

loop specifications.
14

EE/RUWAIDA HJ RAMLY
 IDEAL OP-AMP

Toillustrate what an op-amp is, lets

consider its ideal characteristics.

Ideal characteristics:
1) infinite voltage gain Av=
2) infinite bandwidth BW=
3) infinite input resistance Rin=
4) zero output resistance Rout=0

15

EE/RUWAIDA HJ RAMLY
 IDEAL OP-AMP

Av=
Vin Vout
Rout=0
Rin=

16

EE/RUWAIDA HJ RAMLY
 PRACTICAL OP-AMP
Although modern IC op-amps approach
parameter values that can be treated as
ideal in many cases, the ideal one can
never be made.
Any device has limitation, so as IC op-amp.

Practicalcharacteristics:
1) very high voltage gain, Av 100 000
2) wide bandwidth, BW 2MHz
3) very high input resistance, Rin 2M
4) very low output resistance, Rout 40 17

EE/RUWAIDA HJ RAMLY
PRACTICAL OP-AMP

Av

Vin Vout
Rout
Rin

18

EE/RUWAIDA HJ RAMLY
DATA SHEETS

19

EE/RUWAIDA HJ RAMLY
DATA SHEETS

20

EE/RUWAIDA HJ RAMLY
DATA SHEETS

21

EE/RUWAIDA HJ RAMLY
 DATA SHEETS

Output Resistance 75 75
22

EE/RUWAIDA HJ RAMLY
DATA SHEETS

23

EE/RUWAIDA HJ RAMLY
DATA SHEETS

24

EE/RUWAIDA HJ RAMLY
 OPERATING PRINCIPLES
Understand what happen at the input and output.

INPUT

2 input terminals inverting input

non-inverting input

Principe: op-amp amplifies only the difference of

voltage between the two inputs.

V1
- Vo
Vd
V2
+
25
Vd = V2 V1 (differential input)
EE/RUWAIDA HJ RAMLY
 OPERATING PRINCIPLES
Input terminals have been marked with sign (+)
and (-).
It only indicates the inverting and non-
inverting terminal only.
It doesnt mean that voltage V1 and V2 are
negative and positive respectively.
It simply means that a signal applied to
inverting input terminal will appear amplified
but phase-inverted at the output terminal.
Similarly, signal applied at the non-inverting
input terminal will appear amplified and in-
phase at the output. 26

EE/RUWAIDA HJ RAMLY
 OPERATING PRINCIPLES
OUTPUT
In most common use, the op-amps output
voltage is controlled by feeding a fraction of the
output signal back to the inverting input.

negative feedback

Depends on several factors:

Gain of the amplifier

Polarity relationship between V1 and V2.

Supply voltage +Vs and Vs.

27

EE/RUWAIDA HJ RAMLY
 OPERATING PRINCIPLES
Gain = level of signal amplification
Open-loop gain, Aol, (gain under ideal op-amp)
Closed-loop gain, Acl (gain with negative feedback)
Av = Aol = Acl

Vout
Av
Vin
Where Vout: output voltage
Vin: input voltage

Thegain may also be expressed in logarithmic unit

where:
Vout
Av 20 log dB 28

Vin
EE/RUWAIDA HJ RAMLY
 OPERATING PRINCIPLES
Polarity relationship between V1 and V2

It determines Vout swings toward +Vs or Vs.

If V1<V2 Vout is positive (take non-

inverting input)
If V1>V2 Vout is negative (take inverting
input)

29

EE/RUWAIDA HJ RAMLY
 OPERATING PRINCIPLES
Supply voltage
Recall:supply voltage must be DC!
+Vs/-Vs will limit the output voltage swing.

No matter how much gain or input voltage,

OUTPUT VOLTAGE CANNOT EXCEED
VALUE SLIGHTLY LESS THAN SUPPLY
VOLTAGE.

The actual limits of output voltage depends on what type

of op-amp being used and the value of load resistance (RL).

30

EE/RUWAIDA HJ RAMLY
 OPERATING PRINCIPLES
Example 1 Example 2

+VS=15V +VS=5V

V1=2V - -
V1=-1V
Av=8 Vo Av=2 Vo
V2=4V + +
V2=-7V
-VS=-15V -VS=-5V
Example 3
+VS=10V

V1=9V -
Av=2 Vo
+
31

EE/RUWAIDA HJ RAMLY
 OPERATING PRINCIPLES
Effect of load resistance (RL) on limitation of output
voltage.
Type of op-amp: LM741 (see spec sheet page 3)
For Vs = 15V, and RL 10k,
+VS
Output voltage will be limited to 14V.
For V1 -
Vs = 15V, and 2kRL10k, Vo
Output voltage will be limited to 13V.
V2 +
-VS RL
What happen if RL<2k??
Refer to graph output voltage vs load resistance (RL).

What happen if the supply voltage is set to value other

than 15V??
Refer to graph output voltage vs supply voltage. 32

EE/RUWAIDA HJ RAMLY
 OPERATING PRINCIPLES
Effect of RL on limitation of output voltage

33

EE/RUWAIDA HJ RAMLY
 OPERATING PRINCIPLES
Effect of RL on limitation of output voltage

34

EE/RUWAIDA HJ RAMLY
 OPERATING PRINCIPLES
Conclusion on effect of load resistance (RL) on
limitation of output voltage.

Generally the following guidelines can be used when

dealing with 741 op-amp.

RL(k) Max. +ve alternation Max. ve alternation

RL 10k +Vs 1V -Vs + 1V
RL < 10k +Vs 2V -Vs + 2V

35

EE/RUWAIDA HJ RAMLY
 OP-AMP INPUT MODES
There are 3 basic input modes for an op-
amp:

(i) Single Ended Mode

(ii) Double Ended Mode=Differential Mode
(iii) Common Mode

36

EE/RUWAIDA HJ RAMLY
 OP-AMP INPUT MODES
Single Ended Mode

Op-amp is operated in single-ended mode when an active signal is

applied to only one input.

The inactive input is connected to the ground.

The amplifier is classified as an inverting amplifier when the

inverting input is active.

The amplifier is classified as a non-inverting amplifier when the non-

inverting input is active.
+VS +VS
V1
V1 - -
Vo Vo
V2 + +
V2 37
-VS -VS
EE/RUWAIDA HJ RAMLY
 OP-AMP INPUT MODES
Double Ended Mode or Differential Mode

2 active signals are applied to both op-amps input.

The output amplitude and polarity will reflect the

relationship between the two input voltages.

Op-amp will only amplify the difference between those two

input voltages.
+VS

V1 -
Vo
V2 +
-VS
38

EE/RUWAIDA HJ RAMLY
 OP-AMP INPUT MODES
Common Mode

Occurs when two signals of the same amplitude, frequency

and phase are applied to the input of op-amp
simultaneously.

The outputs are superimposed and they cancel each other,

resulting in a zero output voltage.

Common-mode signals are usually undesired signal (noise),

caused by external interference.

These noises are generally the results of the pick up of

radiated energy from the power line and from other sources. 39
i.e: stray electrical noise, RF noise.
EE/RUWAIDA HJ RAMLY
 OP-AMP INPUT MODES
Common Mode (continued)

When equal input signals are applied to both op-amps

input, ideal op-amp does not respond to their presence.

Recall:Op-amp is designed to respond to the difference

between two input signals.

This action (op-amps ability to ignore the equal input

signals) is called common-mode rejection ratio
(CMRR). CMRR is one of important op-amps
parameters.
40

EE/RUWAIDA HJ RAMLY
 AMPLIFIER
Op-amps main application
To
amplify signals (= make signals larger, but of the
same form and information)

We will consider the following amplifier using

op-amp:
Invertingamplifier
Non inverting amplifier

41

EE/RUWAIDA HJ RAMLY
 AMPLIFIER
Op-amp as an amplifier Needs negative feedback.

Why negative feedback?

The extremely high open-loop gain creates an unstable condition in
which the op-amp can be driven out of its linear region or it can
oscillate.

Op-amp with negative feedback

The gain becomes closed-loop gain, Acl.
Amplifier configuration consists of the op-amp and an external
feedback circuit (normally passive components) that connects the
output to the inverting input terminal.
Acl is then determined by the external component values in the
amplifier circuit and can be precisely controlled by them. 42

EE/RUWAIDA HJ RAMLY
 INVERTING AMPLIFIER
Circuit configuration:
Basic inverting amplifier. Input voltage is applied to the
inverting input terminal.
1 resistor connected to the inverting input terminal, R 1
1 feedback resistor, R2
The non inverting input is grounded.
Output voltage will be inverted, as the name implies.

R2

R1 +Vs
-
Vout
+
Vin
-Vs
RL 43

EE/RUWAIDA HJ RAMLY
 INVERTING AMPLIFIER
The closed-loop gain, Acl
Since Acl for the amplifier is determined primarily by
the external components of the amplifier, the Acl is
given as:
R2
Acl
R1

R2=20k
Example: Determine the
A+Vs
cl for the following amplifier and
R1=1k determine then its output voltage,
-
Vout.
Vin = +
50mV -Vs RL Vout
44

EE/RUWAIDA HJ RAMLY
 NON-INVERTING AMPLIFIER
Circuit configuration:
Basic non-inverting amplifier. Input voltage is applied to the
non-inverting input terminal.
1 resistor connected to the inverting input terminal, R 1, then
grounded.
1 feedback resistor, R2.
Output voltage will NOT be inverted, as the name implies.

R2

R1 +Vs
-

+
-Vs
Vin RL 45

EE/RUWAIDA HJ RAMLY
 NON-INVERTING AMPLIFIER
The closed-loop gain, Acl
Since Acl for the amplifier is determined primarily by
the external components of the amplifier, the Acl is given
as:
R2
Acl 1
R1

R2=20k

Example: Determine the Acl for

R1=1k +Vs
the following amplifier and determine then its
output - voltage, Vout.
+
Vin= -Vs Vout
RL 46
50mV

EE/RUWAIDA HJ RAMLY