Alberts Bray Hopkin Johnson Lewis Raff Roberts Walter

Essential
Cell Biology
FOURTH EDITION

Chapter 18
The Cell-Division Cycle

Copyright Garland Science 2014

 CHAPTER CONTENTS
OVERVIEW OF THE CELL CYCLE
pp.604-607
THE CELL-CYCLE CONTROL SYSTEM
pp.607-613
G1 PHASE
pp.613-616
S PHASE
pp.616-618
M PHASE
pp.618-620
MITOSIS
pp.621-629
CYTOKINESIS
pp.630-633
CONTROL OF CELL NUMBERS AND CELL SIZE
pp.633-641
 OVERVIEW OF THE CELL CYCLE
The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle Usually Includes
Four Phases
A Cell-Cycle Control System Triggers the
Major Processes of the Cell Cycle
Cell-Cycle Control is Similar in All Eukaryotes
 OVERVIEW OF THE CELL CYCLE
The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle Usually Includes
Four Phases
A Cell-Cycle Control System Triggers the
Major Processes of the Cell Cycle
Cell-Cycle Control is Similar in All Eukaryotes
 OVERVIEW OF THE CELL CYCLE
The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle Usually Includes Four
Phases
M phase
Mitosis
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase,
telophase
Cytokinesis
Interphase
G1
Gap 1
S phase
DNA synthesis or replication
G2
Gap 2
 OVERVIEW OF THE CELL CYCLE
The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle Usually Includes
Four Phases
A Cell-Cycle Control System Triggers the
Major Processes of the Cell Cycle
Cell-Cycle Control is Similar in All Eukaryotes
 OVERVIEW OF THE CELL CYCLE
A Cell-Cycle Control System Triggers the Major
Processes of the Cell Cycle
Cell-Cycle timing and duration is controlled by a cell
cycle control system
Employs several checkpoints
G1/S
Restriction point (Start in yeast)
confirms that the environment is favorable for
proliferation before committing to DNA
replication
If inadequate> G0
G2/M
confirms that the DNA is undamaged and fully
replicated
M phase checkpoint (boundary between
Metaphase and Anaphase)
ensures that the duplicated chromosomes are
properly attached to the mitotic spindle
 OVERVIEW OF THE CELL CYCLE
The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle Usually Includes
Four Phases
A Cell-Cycle Control System Triggers the
Major Processes of the Cell Cycle
Cell-Cycle Control is Similar in All Eukaryotes
 OVERVIEW OF THE CELL CYCLE
Cell-Cycle Control is Similar in All Eukaryotes
The time required to complete the cell cycle
can vary greatly between organisms
Also between cell types within the same
organism
Most of the machinery and mechanism to drive
and regulate the cell cycle are homologous
between organisms
Much of our knowledge of cell cycle regulators
in human cells comes from the study of other
organisms
Including yeast, amphibians, and even
prokaryotes
 THE CELL-CYCLE CONTROL SYSTEM
The Cell-Cycle Control System Depends on
Cyclically Activated Protein Kinases called CDKs
Different CyclinCDK Complexes Trigger
Different Steps in the Cell Cycle
Cyclin Concentrations are Regulated by
Transcription and by Proteolysis
The Activity of CyclinCDK Complexes Depends
on Phosphorylation and Dephosphorylation
CDK Activity Can be Blocked by CDK Inhibitor
Proteins
The Cell-Cycle Control System Can Pause the
Cycle in Various Ways
 THE CELL-CYCLE CONTROL SYSTEM
The Cell-Cycle Control System Depends on
Cyclically Activated Protein Kinases called CDKs
Protein kinases that regulate the cell cycle are
present throughout the life cycle of a cell
Their activity, however, is cyclical
Activity is controlled, in part, by cyclin
proteins
Therefore these kinases are classified as
cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)
Cyclin proteins are produced (via transcription
and translation) at appropriate times during the
cell cycle
SeeMovie18.1
 THE CELL-CYCLE CONTROL SYSTEM
The Cell-Cycle Control System Depends on
Cyclically Activated Protein Kinases called CDKs
Different CyclinCDK Complexes Trigger
Different Steps in the Cell Cycle
Cyclin Concentrations are Regulated by
Transcription and by Proteolysis
The Activity of CyclinCDK Complexes Depends
on Phosphorylation and Dephosphorylation
CDK Activity Can be Blocked by CDK Inhibitor
Proteins
The Cell-Cycle Control System Can Pause the
Cycle in Various Ways
 THE CELL-CYCLE CONTROL SYSTEM
Different CyclinCDK Complexes Trigger Different
Steps in the Cell Cycle
There are several types of cyclins as well as
several types of CDKs in eukaryotic cells
Different arrangements of cyclin-CDK
partnerships regulate different stages of the cell
cycle
E.g., M cyclin along with its CDK makes M-CDK
and controls entry into mitosis
E.g., S cyclins + CDK form S-CDK for entry into
S phase
 THE CELL-CYCLE CONTROL SYSTEM
The Cell-Cycle Control System Depends on
Cyclically Activated Protein Kinases called CDKs
Different CyclinCDK Complexes Trigger
Different Steps in the Cell Cycle
Cyclin Concentrations are Regulated by
Transcription and by Proteolysis
The Activity of CyclinCDK Complexes Depends
on Phosphorylation and Dephosphorylation
CDK Activity Can be Blocked by CDK Inhibitor
Proteins
The Cell-Cycle Control System Can Pause the
Cycle in Various Ways
 THE CELL-CYCLE CONTROL SYSTEM
Cyclin Concentrations are Regulated by Transcription
and by Proteolysis
As with any protein, the concentration of a cyclin in
a cell is determined by transcription and
degradation
Gradual increase due to transcription
Sudden decline due to targeted proteolysis
E.g., the abrupt degradation of M and S cyclins
during M phase depends on the anaphase-
promoting complex (APC).
This complex tags these cyclins with a chain of
ubiquitin.
Directs cyclins to proteasomes where they are
rapidly degraded
Cdk becomes inactive
 THE CELL-CYCLE CONTROL SYSTEM
The Cell-Cycle Control System Depends on
Cyclically Activated Protein Kinases called CDKs
Different CyclinCDK Complexes Trigger
Different Steps in the Cell Cycle
Cyclin Concentrations are Regulated by
Transcription and by Proteolysis
The Activity of CyclinCDK Complexes Depends
on Phosphorylation and Dephosphorylation
CDK Activity Can be Blocked by CDK Inhibitor
Proteins
The Cell-Cycle Control System Can Pause the
Cycle in Various Ways
 THE CELL-CYCLE CONTROL SYSTEM
The Activity of CyclinCDK Complexes Depends
on Phosphorylation and Dephosphorylation
It is not only the presence of cyclins that
facilitates CDK activity
Often, cyclin-CDK complexes contain inhibitory
phosphates
Removal of such phosphates by phosphatases
activates the complex
Thus, protein kinases and phosphatases
regulate the activity of specific cyclinCdk
complexes and help control progression through
the cell cycle
 THE CELL-CYCLE CONTROL SYSTEM
The Cell-Cycle Control System Depends on
Cyclically Activated Protein Kinases called CDKs
Different CyclinCDK Complexes Trigger
Different Steps in the Cell Cycle
Cyclin Concentrations are Regulated by
Transcription and by Proteolysis
The Activity of CyclinCDK Complexes Depends
on Phosphorylation and Dephosphorylation
CDK Activity Can be Blocked by CDK Inhibitor
Proteins
The Cell-Cycle Control System Can Pause the
Cycle in Various Ways
 THE CELL-CYCLE CONTROL SYSTEM
CDK Activity Can be Blocked by CDK Inhibitor
Proteins
CDK Inhibitor proteins (CDKIs)
Block assembly of cyclin-CDK complexes
Block activity of assembled cyclin-CDK
complexes
E.g., Some Cdk inhibitor proteins, help
maintain Cdks in an inactive state during the G1
phase of the cycle
Delay progression into S phase
Pausing at this transition point in G1 gives
the cell more time to grow, or allows it to
wait until extracellular conditions are
favorable for division.
 THE CELL-CYCLE CONTROL SYSTEM
The Cell-Cycle Control System Depends on
Cyclically Activated Protein Kinases called CDKs
Different CyclinCDK Complexes Trigger
Different Steps in the Cell Cycle
Cyclin Concentrations are Regulated by
Transcription and by Proteolysis
The Activity of CyclinCDK Complexes Depends
on Phosphorylation and Dephosphorylation
CDK Activity Can be Blocked by CDK Inhibitor
Proteins
The Cell-Cycle Control System Can Pause the
Cycle in Various Ways
 THE CELL-CYCLE CONTROL SYSTEM
The Cell-Cycle Control System Can Pause the
Cycle in Various Ways
To ensure conditions are appropriate and the
events occur in the correct order
E.g., At the G1-to-S transition, it uses Cdk
inhibitors to keep cells from entering S phase
and replicating their DNA
E.g., At the G2-to-M transition, it suppresses
the activation of M-Cdk by inhibiting the
phosphatase required to activate the Cdk
E.g., It can delay the exit from mitosis by
inhibiting the activation of APC, thus preventing
the degradation of M cyclin
 G1 PHASE
CDKs are Stably Inactivated in G1
Mitogens Promote the Production of the
Cyclins that Stimulate Cell Division
DNA Damage Can Temporarily Halt
Progression Through G1
Cells Can Delay Division for Prolonged Periods
by Entering Specialized Nondividing States
 G1 PHASE
CDKs are Stably Inactivated in G1
Mitogens Promote the Production of the
Cyclins that Stimulate Cell Division
DNA Damage Can Temporarily Halt
Progression Through G1
Cells Can Delay Division for Prolonged Periods
by Entering Specialized Nondividing States
 G1 PHASE
CDKs are Stably Inactivated in G1

All the active cyclin-CDK complexes from M

phase need to be inactivated
If not, a new round of S-phase and M phase
with begin with a brief G1 phase
Requires elimination of cyclins
Blocking the production of new cyclins
Activity of CDKIs to inhibit remaining
cyclin-CDK complexes
 G1 PHASE
CDKs are Stably Inactivated in G1
Mitogens Promote the Production of the
Cyclins that Stimulate Cell Division
DNA Damage Can Temporarily Halt
Progression Through G1
Cells Can Delay Division for Prolonged Periods
by Entering Specialized Nondividing States
 G1 PHASE
Mitogens Promote the Production of the Cyclins that
Stimulate Cell Division
Mammalian cells typically require mitogens to
stimulate cell division
Extracellular signal molecules
Without which the cell will withdraw from the
cell cycle
For days, weeks, months or even
permanently
Mitogens activate signaling pathways that lead to
synthesis of G1 cyclins, G1-S cyclins, and other
proteins involved in DNA synthesis etc.,
The buildup of these cyclins triggers a wave of
G1/S-Cdk activity, which ultimately relieves the
negative controls that otherwise block progression
from G1 to S phase
 G1 PHASE
CDKs are Stably Inactivated in G1
Mitogens Promote the Production of the
Cyclins that Stimulate Cell Division
DNA Damage Can Temporarily Halt
Progression Through G1
Cells Can Delay Division for Prolonged Periods
by Entering Specialized Nondividing States
 G1 PHASE
DNA Damage Can Temporarily Halt Progression
Through G1
The DNA damage repair pathway in G1 is well
understood
DNA damage leads to increased transcription and
activity of p53
A transcription regulator
Up-regulates transcription of CDKI: p21
p21 binds G1/S-CDK and S-CDK to inhibit them
G1 cell cycle arrest allows time for DNA repair
If repair is not done, p53 up-regulates proteins
involved in apoptosis
p53 is mutated in almost 50% of cancers!
SeeMovie18.3
 G1 PHASE
CDKs are Stably Inactivated in G1
Mitogens Promote the Production of the
Cyclins that Stimulate Cell Division
DNA Damage Can Temporarily Halt
Progression Through G1
Cells Can Delay Division for Prolonged Periods
by Entering Specialized Nondividing States
 G1 PHASE
Cells Can Delay Division for Prolonged Periods by
Entering Specialized Nondividing States
1.Permanent withdrawal is common in
multicelllular organisms
Terminal differentiation (e.g., nerve cells,
muscle cells, etc.)
the cell-cycle control system is dismantled
completely and genes encoding the relevant
cyclins and Cdks are irreversibly shut down.
2.Temporary withdrawal (in the absence of
mitogens)
G0
Still retain the ability to assemble the cell
cycle control system
 S PHASE
S-CDK Initiates DNA Replication and Blocks
Re-Replication
Incomplete Replication Can Arrest the Cell
Cycle in G2
 S PHASE
S-CDK Initiates DNA Replication and Blocks Re-Replication

Preparation for S phase begins early in G1

Origins of replication serve as landing sites for
replication protein machinery
Origin Recognition Complex (ORC) is assembled
throughout the cell cycle
Cdc6 is recruited to the ORC as levels rise during G1
These proteins recruit DNA helicase
Form the prereplicative complex
The signal to start replication comes from S-Cdk late in
G1
During S phase, S-CDK activates DNA helicase to
recruit the rest of the replication fork machinery
Phosphorylated Cdc6 is marked for degradation
 S PHASE
S-CDK Initiates DNA Replication and Blocks
Re-Replication
Incomplete Replication Can Arrest the Cell
Cycle in G2
 S PHASE
Incomplete Replication Can Arrest the Cell Cycle
in G2
Earlier we saw the M-Cdk is inhibited by
phosphorylation
To initiate mitosis the phosphates must be
removed
Activating phosphatase Cdc25
When DNA damage occurs during S phase or
DNA replication is stalled, Cdc25 is inhibited
M-Cdk is inactive
Cells remain in G2
 M PHASE
M-CDK Drives Entry Into M Phase and Mitosis
Cohesins and Condensins Help Configure
Duplicated Chromosomes for Separation
Different Cytoskeletal Assemblies Carry Out
Mitosis and Cytokinesis
M Phase Occurs in Stages
 M PHASE
M-CDK Drives Entry Into M Phase and Mitosis
M-Cdk complexes accumulate throughout G2
Not active until the end of G2
Cdc25 must remove inhibitory
phosphates
M-Cdk activates more cdc25 resulting in
increased amounts of M-Cdk activation
Also, M-Cdk inhibites Wee1 (an inhibitory
kinase)
M-Cdk helps prepare the duplicated
chromosomes for segregation
M-Cdk induces the assembly of the mitotic
spindle
 M PHASE
M-CDK Drives Entry Into M Phase and Mitosis
Cohesins and Condensins Help Configure
Duplicated Chromosomes for Separation
Different Cytoskeletal Assemblies Carry Out
Mitosis and Cytokinesis
M Phase Occurs in Stages
 M PHASE
Cohesins and Condensins Help Configure
Duplicated Chromosomes for Separation
Visible condensation of chromosomes marks the
beginning of mitosis
Facilitated by condensin proteins
Which are activated through phosphorylation
by M-Cdk
Cohesins are also critical for chromosome
structure
Hold sister chromatids together during S
phase
Remain intact into anaphase of mitosis
 M PHASE
M-CDK Drives Entry Into M Phase and Mitosis
Cohesins and Condensins Help Configure
Duplicated Chromosomes for Separation
Different Cytoskeletal Assemblies Carry Out
Mitosis and Cytokinesis
M Phase Occurs in Stages
 M PHASE
Different Cytoskeletal Assemblies Carry Out
Mitosis and Cytokinesis
1.Mitotic spindle
Carries out nuclear division (mitosis)
Microtubules and microtubule
associated proteins
E.g., motor proteins
2.Contractile ring
Carries out cytoplasmic division
(cytokinesis)
Actin and myosin filaments
Assembles just beneath the plasma
membrane late in mitosis
Both disassemble rapidly
SeeMovie18.4and18.5
 M PHASE
M-CDK Drives Entry Into M Phase and Mitosis
Cohesins and Condensins Help Configure
Duplicated Chromosomes for Separation
Different Cytoskeletal Assemblies Carry Out
Mitosis and Cytokinesis
M Phase Occurs in Stages
 M PHASE
M Phase Occurs in Stages
Mitosis
Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
The final stage of M phase
Begins before mitosis ends
 MITOSIS
Centrosomes Duplicate To Help Form the Two
Poles of the Mitotic Spindle
The Mitotic Spindle Starts to Assemble in
Prophase
Chromosomes Attach to the Mitotic Spindle at
Prometaphase
Chromosomes Assist in the Assembly of the
Mitotic Spindle
Chromosomes Line Up at the Spindle Equator
at Metaphase
 MITOSIS
Proteolysis Triggers Sister-Chromatid
Separation at Anaphase
Chromosomes Segregate During Anaphase
An Unattached Chromosome Will Prevent
Sister-Chromatid Separation
The Nuclear Envelope Re-forms at Telophase
 MITOSIS
Centrosomes Duplicate To Help Form the Two
Poles of the Mitotic Spindle
The Mitotic Spindle Starts to Assemble in
Prophase
Chromosomes Attach to the Mitotic Spindle at
Prometaphase
Chromosomes Assist in the Assembly of the
Mitotic Spindle
Chromosomes Line Up at the Spindle Equator
at Metaphase
 MITOSIS
Centrosomes Duplicate To Help Form the Two Poles of
the Mitotic Spindle
The centrosome is the principal microtubule-
organizing center in animal cells.
It duplicates to form the two poles of the mitotic
spindle
Duplication begins as DNA replication begins
Regulated by the same CDKs: G1/S-Cdk and S-
Cdk
Initially both copies remain together
As mitosis begins they separate to opposite sides of
the nucleus
They nucleate a radial array of microtubules in
the process
Aster
Centrosome cycle: the process of centrosome
duplication and separation
 MITOSIS
Centrosomes Duplicate To Help Form the Two
Poles of the Mitotic Spindle
The Mitotic Spindle Starts to Assemble in
Prophase
Chromosomes Attach to the Mitotic Spindle at
Prometaphase
Chromosomes Assist in the Assembly of the
Mitotic Spindle
Chromosomes Line Up at the Spindle Equator
at Metaphase
 MITOSIS
The Mitotic Spindle Starts to Assemble in Prophase
Formation depends on dynamic instability of
microtubules (MTs)
At start of mitosis stability of MTs decreases
In part because M-Cdk phosphorylates MAPs that
influence the stability of MTs
Some MTs growing from one centrosome interact
with those from the other centrosome
Stabilizes the MTs; prevents depolymerization
Joins the two sets of MTs forming the basic
framework of the mitotic spindle
The two centrosomes are now called spindle
poles
The interacting MTs are called interpolar MTs
Motor proteins help cross-link the 2 sets of MTs
SeeMovie18.6
 MITOSIS
Centrosomes Duplicate To Help Form the Two
Poles of the Mitotic Spindle
The Mitotic Spindle Starts to Assemble in
Prophase
Chromosomes Attach to the Mitotic Spindle at
Prometaphase
Chromosomes Assist in the Assembly of the
Mitotic Spindle
Chromosomes Line Up at the Spindle Equator
at Metaphase
 MITOSIS
Chromosomes Attach to the Mitotic Spindle at
Prometaphase
Prometaphase starts abruptly with the
disassembly of the nuclear envelope
Triggered by phophorylation and disassembly of
nuclear pore proteins and IF proteins of the
nuclear lamina
Spindle MTs access and bind to chromosomes
At kinetochores
Protein complexes at the centromere of each
chromosome (assemble during late
prophase)
One per sister chromatid
Bipolar attachment (i.e., bi-orientation)
 MITOSIS
Centrosomes Duplicate To Help Form the Two
Poles of the Mitotic Spindle
The Mitotic Spindle Starts to Assemble in
Prophase
Chromosomes Attach to the Mitotic Spindle at
Prometaphase
Chromosomes Assist in the Assembly of the
Mitotic Spindle
Chromosomes Line Up at the Spindle Equator
at Metaphase
 MITOSIS
Chromosomes Assist in the Assembly of the
Mitotic Spindle
Chromosomes are not passive in the process
of spindle assembly
Help stabilize and organize MTs into
functional mitotic spindles
In cells without centrosomes (e.g., plant cells)
the chromosomes nucleate MTs and motor
proteins move and arrange the MTs and
chromosomes into bipolar spindle
 MITOSIS
Centrosomes Duplicate To Help Form the Two
Poles of the Mitotic Spindle
The Mitotic Spindle Starts to Assemble in
Prophase
Chromosomes Attach to the Mitotic Spindle at
Prometaphase
Chromosomes Assist in the Assembly of the
Mitotic Spindle
Chromosomes Line Up at the Spindle Equator
at Metaphase
 MITOSIS
Chromosomes Line Up at the Spindle Equator at
Metaphase
Alignment of chromosomes at equator of the
cells forms the metaphase plate
Defines the beginning of metaphase
Involves dynamic instability of MTs as well
as motor protein function
The chromosomes are held there under
tension
SeeMovie18.7
 MITOSIS
Proteolysis Triggers Sister-Chromatid
Separation at Anaphase
Chromosomes Segregate During Anaphase
An Unattached Chromosome Will Prevent
Sister-Chromatid Separation
The Nuclear Envelope Re-forms at Telophase
 MITOSIS
Proteolysis Triggers Sister-Chromatid Separation
at Anaphase
Anaphase begins with the breakage of the
cohesin between sister chromatids
Results in segregation of identical sets of
chromosomes to opposite poles
Cohesin is destroyed by the protease
separase
Separase is normally held in an inactive
state by securin
Securin is targeted for destruction by APC
freeing separase to breakdown cohesin
 MITOSIS
Proteolysis Triggers Sister-Chromatid
Separation at Anaphase
Chromosomes Segregate During Anaphase
An Unattached Chromosome Will Prevent
Sister-Chromatid Separation
The Nuclear Envelope Re-forms at Telophase
 MITOSIS
Chromosomes Segregate During Anaphase
Chromosomes separate at a rate of 1 m/minute
Movement is due to 2 independent processes by
different parts of the mitotic spindle
Anaphase A
The kinetochore MTs shorten with the
chromosomes attached
Driven by MT depolymerization
Anaphase B
The spindle poles move apart
Kinesins act on the long, overlapping
interpolar MTs sliding the MTs from
opposite poles past one another at the
equator, pushing the spindle poles apart
Dynein proteins, anchored to the cell
cortex, pull the poles apart
 MITOSIS
Proteolysis Triggers Sister-Chromatid
Separation at Anaphase
Chromosomes Segregate During Anaphase
An Unattached Chromosome Will Prevent
Sister-Chromatid Separation
The Nuclear Envelope Re-forms at Telophase
 MITOSIS
An Unattached Chromosome Will Prevent Sister-
Chromatid Separation
The M phase checkpoint is more
appropriately called the spindle assembly
checkpoint
Inhibits activation of APC until bi-polar
attachment of MTs to kinetochores
Prevents non-disjunction
 MITOSIS
Proteolysis Triggers Sister-Chromatid
Separation at Anaphase
Chromosomes Segregate During Anaphase
An Unattached Chromosome Will Prevent
Sister-Chromatid Separation
The Nuclear Envelope Re-forms at Telophase
 MITOSIS
The Nuclear Envelope Re-forms at Telophase
Telophase
Nuclear pore proteins and nuclear
lamins are dephosphorylated
Vesicles of nuclear membrane first cluster
around individual chromosomes
Fuse to re-form the nuclear envelope
Nuclear envelope reassembles around
each group of chromosomes
Forms two daughter nuclei
Nuclear pores pump in nuclear proteins
Nucleus expands
Condensed chromosomes decondense
gene transcription resumes
Mitotic spindle disassembles
SeeMovie18.8
 CYTOKINESIS
The Mitotic Spindle Determines the Plane of
Cytoplasmic Cleavage
The Contractile Ring of Animal Cells Is Made
of Actin and Myosin Filaments
Cytokinesis in Plant Cells Involves the
Formation of a New Cell Wall
Membrane-Enclosed Organelles Must Be
Distributed to Daughter Cells When a Cell
Divides
 CYTOKINESIS
The Mitotic Spindle Determines the Plane of
Cytoplasmic Cleavage
Cytokinesis is initiated during anaphase
Furrowing occurs in plane perpendicular to
the long axis of the mitotic spindle
Cleavage furrow cuts between the two
groups of chromosomes
Overlapping interpolar MTs that form the
central spindle recruit and activate proteins
which signal to the cell cortex to initiate the
assembly of the contractile ring midway
between the spindle poles
 CYTOKINESIS
The Mitotic Spindle Determines the Plane of
Cytoplasmic Cleavage
The Contractile Ring of Animal Cells Is Made
of Actin and Myosin Filaments
Cytokinesis in Plant Cells Involves the
Formation of a New Cell Wall
Membrane-Enclosed Organelles Must Be
Distributed to Daughter Cells When a Cell
Divides
 CYTOKINESIS
The Contractile Ring of Animal Cells Is Made of
Actin and Myosin Filaments
Contractile ring is made of an overlapping
array of actin and myosin filaments
Assembles at anaphase
Attached to membrane-associated proteins
(MAPS) on cytosolic face of the plasma
membrane
Contractile ring is a transient structure
Disassembles following cytokinesis
Cells tend to round up in shape
Due to phosphorylation of integrins
which weakens their grip on substratum
 CYTOKINESIS
The Mitotic Spindle Determines the Plane of
Cytoplasmic Cleavage
The Contractile Ring of Animal Cells Is Made
of Actin and Myosin Filaments
Cytokinesis in Plant Cells Involves the
Formation of a New Cell Wall
Membrane-Enclosed Organelles Must Be
Distributed to Daughter Cells When a Cell
Divides
 CYTOKINESIS
Cytokinesis in Plant Cells Involves the Formation of a
New Cell Wall
The final form of the new plant cells is determined by
the plane of cell division along with cell enlargement
The new cell wall starts to form at the beginning of
telophase
Guided by a structure called the phragmoplast
Formed by the remains of the interpolar MTs at
the equator of the old mitotic spindle
Small membrane-bound vesicles from the Golgi carry
polysaccharides and glycoprotein for cell-wall matrix
Carried on MTs
Build from center of cell out toward periphery
Eventually cellulose microfibrils are laid down within the
matrix to complete the cell wall
 CYTOKINESIS
The Mitotic Spindle Determines the Plane of
Cytoplasmic Cleavage
The Contractile Ring of Animal Cells Is Made
of Actin and Myosin Filaments
Cytokinesis in Plant Cells Involves the
Formation of a New Cell Wall
Membrane-Enclosed Organelles Must Be
Distributed to Daughter Cells When a Cell
Divides
 CYTOKINESIS
Membrane-Enclosed Organelles Must Be
Distributed to Daughter Cells When a Cell
Divides
Self explanatory (lol)