Photovoltaic Techniques:

Solar Photovoltaics,
PHI
C S Solanki, IIT B
Applied Photovoltaics,
Earthscan, Stuart R.
Wenhem, Martin A. Green,
M.E. Watt,

The Physics of Solar Cells,

Imperial college press,
Jenny Nelson, 003.Aatec
publications, 1995.

Solar Cells: Materials,

Manufacture and
Operations, Tom Markvart
and Luis Castaner Elsevier,
Outline
Energy issues:

Solar cell fundamentals

Design of solar cells

Solar cell technologies

Photovoltaic system
Outline
Energy issues:
conventional energy sources, Renewable energy sources,
Solar Energy

Solar cell fundamentals

Fundamental of semiconductor, charge carriers and their
motion in semiconductors, carriers generation and
recombination, p-n junction diode, introduction to solar cell,
p-n junction under illumination, Current-Voltage (I-V), open
circuit voltage (VOC), short circuit current (ISC) Maximum
power, current and voltage and Efficiency, Quantum
Efficiency

Design of solar cells

Upper limits of cell parameters, loses in solar cell, solar cell
design, design for high Isc, Voc, FF, solar simulators
Outline
Solar cell technologies
Production of Si, Si wafer based solar cell technology,
thin film solar cell technologies (CIGS, microcrystalline
and polycrystalline Si solar cells, amorphous Si thin
film solar cells), multijunction solar cells, Emerging
solar cell technologies: organics solar cells, Dye-
sensitized solar cell (DSC), GaAs solar cell

Photovoltaic system
PV system : Introduction, Stand alone system, Grid
connected system, Hybrid system, Designing of PV
system, Balance of system- BOS (Inverters, Controllers,
Wiring, Batteries) Photovoltaic Cells, Estimating PV
system size and cost, Photovoltaic safety.
Energy issues:
How much energy ???
Energy reserve.....
conventional energy sources,
Limitations/Problems
Renewable energy sources,
Solar Energy
Energy:
Energy Reserves:

Coal+oil&gas
4.71022 J
94 years

1
David MacKay Sustainable Energy without the hot air www.withouthotair.com
Energy Reserves:

Coal+Oil&Gas
4.71022 J
94 years

Uranium Ore
2.61023 J
520 years
[Fast breeder]
Energy Reserves:

Coal+Oil%Gas
4.71022 J
94 years

U 0.0033 ppm

Uranium Ore
2.61023 J
520 years

Uranium in Seawater
3.31024 J
6600 years
Energy Reserves:

Coal+Oil%Gas
4.71022 J
94 years

Uranium Ore
2.61023 J
520 years

Lithium Ore
U 0.0033 ppm
7.91022 J
160 years
Uranium in Seawater
3.31024 J
6600 years
Energy Reserves:

Coal+Oil%Gas
4.71022 J Lithium Ore
94 years 7.91022 J
160 years

Li 0.17 ppm

Uranium Ore
2.61023 J
520 years

Lithium in Seawater
U 0.0033 ppm
8.31026 J
1.7106 years
Uranium in Seawater
3.31024 J
6600 years
Energy Reserves:

Coal+Oil%Gas
4.71022 J Lithium Ore
94 years 7.91022 J
160 years

D 0.035 ppm

Uranium Ore
2.61023 J Li 0.17 ppm
520 years

DD Fusion
U 0.0033 ppm 2.41030 J Lithium in Seawater
4.8109 years 8.31026 J
1.7106 years
Uranium in Seawater
3.31024 J
6600 years Sizes relative to energy reserves on a log scale
Energy Reserves:

Coal+Oil%Gas
4.71022 J Lithium Ore
94 years 7.91022 J
160 years

Uranium Ore
2.61023 J Li 0.17 ppm
520 years

The Sun
U 0.0033 ppm 5109 years Lithium in Seawater
8.31026 J
1.7106 years
Uranium in Seawater
3.31024 J
6600 years Sizes relative to energy reserves on a log scale
 1.1.1 Energy Source Categories
Non Renewable
renewable
Convention Coal
al Oil
Gas
Nuclear
Fission
Alternative

080805
 1.1.2 Energy Source Categories
Non Renewable
renewable
Convention Coal Wood
al Oil Hydro
Gas Human/Animal
Nuclear Wind Water
Fission Pumping
Alternative

080805
 1.1.3 Energy Source Categories
Non Renewable
renewable
Convention Coal Wood
al Oil Hydro
Gas Human/Animal
Nuclear Wind Water
Fission Pumping
Alternative Geothermal
Oil Shale,
CTL
Tar Sands
Methane
Hydrates
080805
 1.1.4 Energy Source Categories
Non Renewable
renewable
Convention Coal Wood
al Oil Hydro
Gas Human/Animal
Nuclear Wind Water
Fission Pumping
Alternative Geothermal Wind Solar
Oil Shale, Biomass
CTL Wave/Tide
Ocean Current
Tar Sands
Methane
Hydrates
Sustainable means using less than is renewed; if water is withdrawn
080820 from a dam faster than it is refilled, the level drops and hydro power is
 2010

http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/solar.renewables/page/trends/highlig
ht1.html
 Solar Energy

The Sun

Australia
1.8x1011
MW solar
energy at
earth
surface
 Solar Energy at earth
surface :

Total Energy emitted by Sun???

Energy received by earth???
 total energy density (u): total radiant energy per
unit volume for all wavelength radiating at any point
total emissive power (E): radiant energy per unit time
per unit surface area of body for all wavelength

u
u d and E
E d
0
0

8 2 h
Planck's radiation lawu ( ) d d
c 3 (e h / kT 1)
Wiens displacement law

Stefan-Boltzmann Law. E e T 4
Assuming sun surface temperature
58000 K and sun radius Rs=7x108m ,
total energy radiated by sun and
energy received by earth. Distance
b/w sun and earth is r = 1.5x1011m
Total energy radiation from sun
U = AsT4
= 5.67x10-8x4Rs2x(5800)4
=3.95x10 26
J
At earth atmosphere = U/4r2
= 3.95x1026J /4x(1.5x1011)2
=1400W/m2
 Solar Energy at Earth surface
Incoming sunlight = Iin = 1400 W/m2
solar constant
Albedo = reflected light =
Not absorbed and re-
radiated as IR
Just bounces back
Albedo = reflected light =
1400 W/m2 (1 - ) = 980 W/m2
Want flux for the whole planet (no m2)
Fin(W) = Iin(W/m2) x Area(m2)
 What area do we use?
Sun shines on half the Earth
Light is weaker/stronger
latitude, dawn/dusk

Solar Constant Day Night

Sunlight hits Earth from same direction, makes a circular shadow,
use the area of a circle, not a sphere.

Earth receives influx of energy equal to the intensity of sunlight

multiplied by the area of a circle = r2earth

Solar Constant Day Night

Area (m2) = r2earth

Put them together, total incoming flux
is:
Fin = r2earth (1 - ) Iin

Iin = 1400 W/m2

Reduce by albedo to 1000 W/m2
Multiply by area of circle to get solar
Flux (W)