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Chapter 5

Determinants
5.1 Introduction
Every square matrix has associated with it a scalar called its
determinant.
Given a matrix A, we use det(A) or |A| to designate its determinant.
We can also designate the determinant of matrix A by replacing the
brackets by vertical straight lines. For example,
2 1 2 1
A det( A)
0 3 0 3
Definition 1: The determinant of a 11 matrix [a] is the scalar a.

Definition 2: The determinant of a 22 matrix a b is the scalar ad-bc.


c d

For higher order matrices, we will use a recursive procedure to compute
determinants.
22131313
M a 221(1)221M
C 22
M
5.2 Expansion by Cofactors

221
Definition 1: Given a matrix A, a minor is the determinant of any

1 213
square submatrix of A.
Definition 2: Given a matrix A=[aij] , the cofactor of the element
aij is a scalar obtained by multiplying together the term (-1)i+j
and the minor obtained from A by removing the ith row and the
jth column.
In other words, the cofactor Cij is given by Cij = (1)i+jMij.
For example,
a11 a12 a13
A a21 a22 a23
a31 a32 a33
)
det(A aC
aC aC

aC
5.2 Expansion by Cofactors

ni1iji1ji2jinj
To find the determinant of a matrix A of arbitrary order,
a)Pick any one row or any one column of the matrix;
b)For each element in the row or column chosen, find its
cofactor;
c)Multiply each element in the row or column chosen by its
cofactor and sum the results. This sum is the determinant of the
matrix.
In other words, the determinant of A is given by
ith row
expansion

jth column
expansion
Example 1: 1 2 3
We can compute the determinant
T 4 5 6
7 8 9
by expanding along the first row,

5 6 4 6 4 5
T 1 2 3
11 1 2 1 3
3 12 9 0
8 9 7 9 7 8

Or expand down the second column:

4 6 2 2 1 3 3 2 1 3
T 2 5 8
1 2
12 60 48 0
7 9 7 9 4 6

Example 2: (using a row or column with many zeroes)

1 5 0
23 1 5
2 1 1 1 16
3 1
3 1 0

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