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Chapter 6:
How Cells Read the Genome (DNA Protein)
Quality Control Mechanisms in Translation
Chapter 7:
Control of Gene Expression
Chapter 8:
The Cell Biologists Tool Kit
Flow of information
I Transcription
Fixed set of DNA Working RNA copies
molecules
Transcription Components:
- RNA nucleotides
- RNA Polymerase
-DNA template
- RNA polymerase recruiting factors
Ia Transcription: RNA the differences
Ribose instead of deoxyribose Mostly single-stranded
Translates
mRNA
nucleotide
Structural template for translation sequence into
component of amino acid
ribosome sequence
Ib Transcription: RNA polymerase
RNA polymerase
Multi-subunit enzyme
carries out transcription
Catalyzes nucleotide
polymerization within its
ATP active site
UTP
CTP
GTP
Energy stored in the
phosphoanhydride bonds of
incoming ribonucleoside
triphosphates powers
polymerization
Figure 6-8a Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)
Ib Transcription: The DNA Template
Transcription generates a single-stranded RNA molecule that is
complementary to the DNA template strand.
Sense DNA strand = strand NOT
used for transcription
has same nucleotide sequence as
resulting RNA (except has Ts
instead of Us)
Antisense DNA strand = template
used for transcription
RNA is ALWAYS synthesized 53
(and so DNA is read 35) by RNA
polymerase
Ib Transcription: The DNA Template
A given gene within a DNA molecule is composed of three
basic parts:
a) Promoter (initiating site of transcription)
b) Coding region (portion that will be transcribed)
c) Terminating region (termination site of transcription)
Terminating region
Transcription: The DNA Template
A given gene within a DNA molecule is composed of three basic parts:
a) Promoter (initiating site of transcription)
b) Coding region (portion that will be transcribed)
c) Terminating region (termination site of transcription)
Transcription: Molecular Mechanisms
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
Pro
IIa Transcription: Molecular Mechanisms Ba kary
c o
exa teria tes:
mp
le
Three Basic Steps:
1. Initiation
2. Elongation
3. Termination
Initiation
+ Sigma factor
Figure 6-11 (part 1 of 7) Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)
IIa Transcription: Molecular Mechanisms Pro
Ba kary
c o
exa teria tes:
Elongation mp
le
Our focus
IIb
Transcription initiation: two minimal components
TATA box:
short stretch of DNA sequence (Ts and As) within
the promoter of a gene
~25 nucleotides upstream of the start of the coding
sequence
1. Binds first
2. Binds next
Figure 6-16 (part 1 of 3) Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)
Eu
IIb Transcription Initiation kar
yot
es
The General Transcription Factors
3. Remaining factors assemble next,
along with RNA polymerase
Figure 6-16 (part 2 of 3) Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)
Transcription initiation: Other additional components
Eu
IIb Transcription Elongation kar
yot
es
Figure 6-16 (part 3 of 3) Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)
IIb Transcription: Termination Eu
kar
yot
e s
In eukaryotes,
termination is coupled
to processes that
modify the 5 and 3
ends of the mRNA
transcript.
Information in the
CTD of RNA Pol II
recruits mRNA
processing factors.