INTRODUCTION

Aforestis a large area dominated bytrees

covered four billion hectares (15 million square miles) or
approximately 30 percent of the world's land area in 2006.
dominant terrestrialecosystemof Earth
account for 75% of thegross primary productivityof the
Earth'sbiosphere, and contain 80% of the Earth's plant biomass
provideecosystem servicesto humans and serve as tourist
attractions, affect people's health
But harvesting forest resources, can negatively affect forest
ecosystems. forestis a term of common parlance

The wordforestcomes fromMiddle English, fromOld

Frenchforest(alsofors) "forest, vast expanse covered by trees"
TPES OF
FORESTS
 Tropical Rainforest
Location:The tropical rainforests contain the greatest diversity of
species of all biomes on earth. They are found around the equator,
between 23.5 degrees N latitude and 23.5 degrees S latitude.
Climate:Temperatures in tropical rainforests remain between 68 and 77
degrees Fahrenheit all year long. Winter is absent in these forests. Most
tropical rainforests receive 100 inches of rain per year.
Soil:Because the temperature is warm and the air moist, decomposition
happens at a very fast rate in tropical rainforests. High levels of rainfall
often lead to leaching of nutrients from the soil, creating soils that are
nutrient poor.
Plants:Trees in the tropical rainforests grow between 82 and 115 feet tall
and are typically broad-leafed trees. Other plants include ferns, vines,
mosses, palms and orchids.
Animals:Dense growing trees create a thick canopy layer in tropical
rainforests that keep the sun from penetrating to the lower layers of the
forest. This means that most animals that live here must be adapted to
living in the trees. A variety of birds, bats, monkeys, snakes and other
animals can be found in tropical rainforests.
Threats:The biggest threat to tropical rainforests is unsustainable
forestry practices. Other threats include road construction, clearing land
 Temperate Deciduous
Forest
Location:Eastern United States and Canada, Western Europe and
parts of Russia, China and Japan.
Climate:There are four distinct seasons in temperate deciduous
forests and precipitation falls throughout the year, as rain in the
spring, summer and fall and snow in the winter. Temperate deciduous
forests receive 30-60 inches of rain per year.
Soil:The soil in these forests is very fertile.
Plants:The forest floor in temperate deciduous forests supports
mosses, ferns and wildflowers and the understory supports a variety
of shrubs and ferns. Maple, oak and birch trees are some examples of
the deciduous trees that dominate these forests. There are also small
numbers of evergreen trees such as pines and fir.
Animals:Animals living in temperate deciduous forests must be
adapted to cold winters. Common species found in temperate
deciduous forests include, red fox, hawks, woodpecker and cardinals.
Threats:Acid rain caused by industrial and vehicular emissions
poses the biggest threat to temperate deciduous forests. Over time,
acid rain damages tree leaves, causes trees to produce fewer and
 Temperate Coniferous
Forest
Location:Temperate coniferous forests are typically found in coastal
areas with mild winters and heavy rainfall or in in-land mountainous
areas with mild climates. Examples of where these forests are found
are Pacific Northwestern United States and Canada, southwestern
South America, Southern Japan, New Zealand and small parts of
northwestern Europe (Ireland, Scotland, Iceland and Norway).
Climate:Temperate climate with temperature that fluctuates little
throughout the year. High levels of precipitation (50-200 inches per
year) cause a moist climate and a long growing season.
Soil:Soils are generally rich with a thick layer of decaying material.
Plants:Evergreen conifers dominate these forests. Due to the high
levels of precipitation and moderate temperatures, there is a long
growing season, resulting in trees that grow very tall. Dominant tree
species found in temperate coniferous forests include cedar, cypress,
Douglas fir, pine, spruce and redwood. There are some deciduous trees
such as maple, and mosses and ferns are common.
Animals:Examples of animals that live in temperate coniferous
 Boreal (taiga) Forest
Location:This is the northern most forest type and is found
between 50 and 60 degrees N latitude. Boreal forests are found in
Canada, northern Asia, Siberia and Scandinavia (Denmark, Norway,
Sweden, Finland). About two-thirds of the world's boreal forests are
found in Scandinavia.
Climate:Boreal forests are characterized by long winters and short
summers. Most precipitation is in the form of snow and these
forests receive between 15 and 40 inches of precipitation per year.
Soil:Because of cold temperatures, decomposition takes a long
time, resulting in thin soil.
Plants:Trees are mostly evergreen and include species such as
spruce, fir and pine. The understory is limited because the canopy
is so dense.
Animals:Animals found here must be adapted to long, cold
winters and usually have thick fur. Deer, moose, elk, caribou,
snowshoe hare, wolves, grizzly bears, lynxes and wolverines are
some examples.
Layers

A forest is made up of many layers.

Forest floorcontains decomposing leaves, animal droppings, and

dead trees. Decay on the forest floor forms new soil and provides
nutrients to the plants. The forest floor supports ferns, grasses,
mushroom and tree seedlings.

Understoryis made up of bushes, shrubs, and young trees that are

adapted to living in the shades of the canopy.

Canopyis formed by the mass of intertwined branches, twigs and

leaves of the mature trees. The crowns of the dominant trees receive
most of the sunlight. This is the most productive part of the trees
where maximum food is produced. The canopy forms a shady,
protective "umbrella" over the rest of the forest.

Emergent layerexists in the tropical rain forest and is composed of

a few scattered trees that tower over the canopy
WILDLIFE
Wildlifetraditionally refers to undomesticatedanimalspecies,
but has come to include allplants,fungi, and otherorganismsthat
grow or live wild in an area
can be found in allecosystems like Deserts, forests, rain forests,
plains, grasslands, and other areas including the most
developedurban areas, all have distinct forms of wildlife.
usually refers to animals that are untouched by human factors,
most scientists agree that much wildlife is affected by human
activities
Humans have historically tended to separate civilization from
wildlife in a number of ways including the legal, social, and moral
sense.
Some animals, however, have adapted to suburban
environments. This includes such animals as domesticated cats,
dogs, mice, and gerbils. Some religions declare certain animals to
be sacred, and in modern times concern for the natural
environment has provoked activists to protest against
theexploitationof wildlife for human benefit or entertainment.
The global wildlife population has decreased by 52 percent
between 1970 and 2014, according to a report by theWorld
Wildlife Fund
Wildlife conservation
Climate change
Natural phenomena
likefloods,earthquakes,volcanoes,lightning,forest fires
Unregulated Hunting and poaching:
Pollution
Over exploitation of wildlife and plant species
Deforestation
Population

Today, the [Endangered Species Act] protects some U.S. species that were
in danger from over exploitation, and the Convention on International
Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora (CITES) works to prevent
the global trade of wildlife. But there are many species that are not
protected from being illegally traded or over-harvested.
WILDLIFE
CONSERVATION
Conservationis the practice of protecting wild plant and animal species
and theirhabitats. The goal of wildlife conservation is to ensure that
nature will be around for future generations to enjoy and also to recognize
the importance ofwildlifeandwildernessfor humans and other species
alike.[1]Many nations havegovernment agenciesand NGO's dedicated to
wildlife conservation, which help to implement policies designed to
protect wildlife. Numerous independentnon-profit organizationsalso
promote various wildlife conservation causes.[2]
According to the National Wildlife Federation, wildlife in the United States
gets a majority of their funding through appropriations from the federal
budget, annual federal and state grants, and financial efforts from
programs such as theConservation Reserve Program,
Wetlands Reserve ProgramandWildlife Habitat Incentives Program.[3][4]
Furthermore, a substantial amount of funding comes from the state
through the sale of hunting/fishing licenses, game tags, stamps, and
excise taxes from the purchase of hunting equipment and ammunition,
which collects around $200 million annually.[5]
Wildlife conservation has become an increasingly important practice due
to the negative effects of human activity on wildlife. An endangered
species is defined as a population of a living species that is in the danger
of becoming extinct because of several reasons.Some of The reasons can
be, that 1. the species have a very low population, or 2. they are
threatened by the varying environmental or prepositional parameters.
The objectives of conservation and requirements for their
achievement:
1. Maintenance of essential ecological processes and life-support
systems.
2. Preservation of genetic diversity that is flora and fauna.
3. Sustainable utilization of species and ecosystems.

Priorities for national action:

4. A framework for national and sub-national conservation
strategies.
5. Policy making and the integration of conservation and
development.
6. Environmental planning and rational use allocation.

Priorities for international action:

7. International action: law and assistance.
8. Tropical forests and dry lands.
9. A global programme for the protection of genetic resource areas.