GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM

SUBMITTED BY :-

SUBMITTED TO :- - BHAVYATA AGRAWAL

- NEHAL BANSAL
AR. SHASHIKANT SHRIVASTAVA - JYOTI SHUGANI
AR. SUMAN SHARMA - KESHAV RATHI
- HARSHITA CHOWDARY
- AHZAM MOHAMMAD
- HAMZA KHAN
WHAT IS G.I.S?
A geographical information system (G.I.S) is a
computer system for storing managing &
displaying geographical data.
Geospatial data (geographically referenced data)
are data that describe both the locations & the
characteristics of spatial features such as roads,
land parcels & vegetation stands on the earthS
surface.
High ability to handle & process geospatial data.
 COMPONENTS OF GIS
A working GIS integrates five key components: software ,hardware,
data, people,
and methods.

1. SOFTWARE
GIS software provides the functions and tools needed to store, analyze, and
display geographic information. Key software components are
Tools for the input and manipulation of geographic information

A database management system (DBMS)

Tools that support geographic query, analysis, and visualization
A graphical user interface (GUI) for easy access to tools
2 HARDWARE
Hardware is the computer on which a GIS operates. Today, GIS
software runs on
a wide range of hardware types, from centralized computer servers to
desktop computers used in stand-alone or networked configurations.

3. DATA
Possibly the most important component of a GIS is the data.
Geographic
data and related tabular data can be collected in-house or purchased
from a commercial data provider. A GIS will integrate spatial data with
other data resources and can even use a DBMS, used by most
organizations to organize and maintain their data, to manage spatial
data.

4. PEOPLE
GIS technology is of limited value without the people who manage the
system and develop plans for applying it to real-world problems. GIS
users range from technical specialists who design and maintain the
system to
those who use it to help them perform their everyday work.
 TEMPOR
2.ATTRIBUTE DATA:-
AL DATA describes
characteristics of the
spatial features. These
characteristics can be
DAT MET quantitative and/or
ATTRIBU A A qualitative in nature.
TE DATA
DAT Also called tabular
TYPE A data.
3.SPATIAL DATA:-
S describes the absolute
and relative location of
SPACI geographic features.
AL
DATA
4.METADATA:- it is a
Information that
1.TEMPORAL DATA:- describes geospatial
data that specifically data, such as the
refers to times or dates. contact person in the
Temporal data may data owners agency,
refer to discrete events, the data accuracy,
such as lightening projection, currency
strikes, moving objects (date of capture), and
SPATIAL DATA
VECTOR:-

The vector structure represents spatial features as

series of points (nodes), straight line segments
(vectors), and polygons.
These are usually employed to represent linear objects
like roads and rivers, or areal features such as a field of
corn or a lake.
Vector structure is preferred for use by mapping,
surveying and utilities companies.

RASTER DATA:-

Raster data are comprised of rectangular cells that are arranged

in a gridded array.
Common forms of raster data include satellite imagery and
scanned maps such as digital raster graphic (DRG) products
from the USGS.
Raster data is preferred for environmental and resource
management applications.

IMAGE DATA:-

Depending on the specific content of the data, image datamay

 APPLICATIONS OF GIS
Documentation

Building Permit

Feasibility Report

SITE Selection

Land Management

Land Use Analysis

Impact Assessment

Environment Planning

Waste Management
HISTORY OF G.I.S
During 1400 BC Written records of
property boundary locations were taken
Then overlay analysis system was
developed in 1854 :
In which the integration of multiple
sources of information was
Demonstrated manually (by Dr. John
Stand Types Hydrology Roads Topography Composite Layers
Snow in his isolation of cholera sources
in London).

GIS Theme Overlay

 From 1960 computers have been used to store &
process geospatial data.

1960s saw the development of spatial databases of land

cover
USGS, US NRCS
Mapping programs began to appear
IMGRID, CAM, SYMAP
CIA produces World Data Bank
Coastlines, major rivers, political borders through out the
world

Roger Tomlinson drives the creation of the Canada

Geographic Information System (CGIS) in 1964
First national GIS system
Land Use and Natural resource Inventory
SystemLUNR, New York 1967
 Minnesota Land Management System
MLMIS, Minnesota 1969
TUS Census Bureau produces method for linking
census information to locations for the 1970
census
Based on respondent addresses

ArcInfo introduced in 1981

First major commercial GIS venture

MapInfo corporation appears in 1986 (for

Windows, Intergraph, Autodesk, others)

The Personal Computer Concept Progresses

During The 1980s And Becomes Standard
During The 1990s
HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMENT
This technology has developed from:

Digital cartography and CAD

Data Base Management Systems

ID X,Y ID ATTRIB

1 1
1 2 2
3 3

CAD System Data Base Management System

 APPLICATIONS OF GIS
GIS can be applied to many type of problem.
Both simple and complex analytical models.
Master planning application are one of them.

1. Documentation
2. Building permits
3. Feasibility study
4. Site selection
5. Land management
6. Land use analysis
7. Environmental planning
8. Impact assessment
9. Waste management
10.Network
11.Crime analysis
12.Area monitoring

And innumerable applications are there of GIS.

 AREA MONITORING: DOCUMENTATION:
Regional potential Documentation of spatial
Feasibility analysis plan and approval
Site selection studies. process of development,
building and installation
permit.

LAND MANAGEMENT AND LAND USE ANALYSIS:

Include interpretation and formulation of land use policy.
Land use policy can be interpreted within GIS using
modeling approach.
OUTPUT in form of maps
Show area in which land use changes are more likely to
occur.
Statistics, graphs and table summarize this information
according to a variety
Of specified spatial units.
Such output allows land use implications to be discussed.
Predicted land use changes can also form input for GIS
 ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING:
Reason- a great number of spatial data with this attribute is
involved in environmental planning.
GIS is highly efficient instrument for such planning tasks.
GIS develop natural and cultural resource inventory to
identify contamination sources, to assess environmental
constraints.
Selection of site for land application of sewage waste.

IMPACT ASSESSMENT:
EASIBILITY
Impact of urban and regional
ategorized as
planning projects can be assessed in
terms of
. economic feasibility Social benefits
Includes cost assessment. Economic benefits
Affordability capacity Environmental benefits.
Environmental aspects.
. Environmental feasibility
For example impact of metro
setup in city.
or example Metro setup in city.
Social- increase accessibility
Economic- employment
CRIME STATISTICS

GIS is now vital to law enforcement and

planning in terms of crime statistics.
automated and digital mapping of reported
crime has made the process much easier. The
ability to share maps and look for correlations
between different types of crime can give an
overall picture of a wider region.

TRANSPORT
Because of the massive amount of planning involved,
including that many agencies have input into the project, it
would have been a logistical problem with the massive
amounts of data available and collected on a dedicated GIS
site in order that the best decisions are made while respecting
local infrastructures and the environment.
THANK YOU