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Sand

It is the form of Silica .It is formed by decomposition of

sandstones due to various weathering effects.
Fine minerals
The order of 0.1 to 1.0 mm diameter
Fill voids between the coarser aggregate

Types of Sand
1) Natural Sand obtained from pits, shores, riverbeds
seabed's
2) Artificial Sand obtained from crushing of stones.
Sand

Types of Sand (depending on fineness)

1) Coarse Sand retaining on sieve 4.75 mm
2) Fine Sand passing through sieve 4.75 mm

Uses
1) PCC, RCC, PSC
2) Cement mortar, Lime Mortar
3) Coarse Sand - plaster on Ex. Wall, Fine Sand Plastering on
Internal Wall
4) Below flooring material
5) In filtration plant.
STONE
Cheapest, Durable and obtained from ROCK
Properly dressed and shaped before it is used.

Classification of Rocks
1) Geological Igneous Rock, Sedimentary & Metamorphic
2) Physical Stratified, un-stratified and Laminated.
3) Chemical Siliceous, argillaceous, calcareous
4) Hardness of Stone - Very hard, hard, medium, soft
Uses of Stone

Marble

Slate

5
Marble - Exterior
Application

6
Slate Flooring
Limestone with Granite
 Granite Material

Polished Surface

Rough Texture
Uses of Stone
Foundation, roofs floors, railway
ballast, road metal.
Stone Blocks Wall, Foundation,
Ornamental Facial work.
Slate Roofing & Flooring
Lime Stone Slabs Flooring,
paving and roofing
Granite bridge abutment,
piers, flooring, kitchen otta,
steps, table top etc..
Marble floors, tiles,
Ornamental Facial work.
STEEL
Steel is an intermediate form between Cast Iron
and Wrought iron.
Steel are highly elastic, ductile,
malleable, forgeable, weldable.

Grades of Steel

Fe250, Fe415, Fe500

Fe = ferrous metal
Number = Yield stress in N/mm
STEEL
Cast ironisironor aferrousalloywhich
has been heated until it liquefies, and is
then poured into a mould to solidify.
Wrought ironis anironalloywith a very
lowcarbon(0.1 to 0.25) content in
contrast tocast iron, and has
fibrousinclusions, known asslag. Wrought
iron is tough, malleable, ductile and
easilywelded.
Malleableis a material's ability to deform
undercompressivestress.
Classification of STEEL
Mild Steel - Used as structural and
Non-Structural Steel, in form of
I, C, L, round, flat shapes.
It is Fe 250 as yield strength is 250 N/mm

Tor Steel used in RCC work,

It has low ductility and low bend ability.
It is Fe 415 & Fe 500 (yield stress)

High Tensile Steel usually in form of WIRES

of high tensile strength (tendon)
Used in prestress concrete.
1500 to 2350 N/mm (Ultimate stress)
 Mild Steel High Tensile steel
 Tor Steel
Uses of Steel
Structural member in trusses, beams
Non Structural components for grills,
stairs, windows, doors etc .
Steel Tanks, Steel Pipes.
TOR steel in RCC member.
Tendons in PSC.
Corrugated sheets as roof covering
Mild Steel in manufacture of tools,
equipments, towers, machine parts etc.
CONCRETE
(CEMENT + Fine Aggregate+ Coarse Aggregate
+ WATER)
PROPORTION ( 1:2:4), (1:3:6), (1:4:8)
GRADE M15, M20, M25. And so on
M- Mix Number Compressive strength after 28 days in N/mm
(A cementation reaction between water and the mineral in cement
provide a strong matrix and good compressive strength)
Common construction material
Strong hard but brittle
Universal Testing Machine
Concrete Types

(PCC) Plain Cement Concrete

(RCC) Reinforced Cement Concrete
(PC) Precast Concrete
(PSC) Prestress Concrete
Types of Concrete
PCC (cement + FA+ CA +Water)
Strong in compression and weak in tension
Hard and Durable
Manufacturing Hand mixing or Machine Mixing.
USES
a) Foundation masonry, base of foundation.
b) Gravity Dam and Retaining Wall
c) Below Flooring.
d) Leveling work over PLINTH.
Types of Concrete
RCC - ({Cement + Sand+ CA +Water}
this mixture is Reinforced in STEEL)
Strong in compression and tension
Hard, Durable and bear all types of stresses.
R/f may be MILD STEEL Or TOR STEEL BAR.
Minimum Grade used is M20.
Manufactured on site may be Hand mixing or Machine Mixing.

USES
a) Construction of multi storied buildings.
b) Road pavement.
c) Water tanks, bridges, concrete pipes.
d) Concreting of beams, columns, slabs,
footing etc.
 R.C.C.

Cement
Sand
Aggregate

Water
Steel
Concrete

Advantages of R.C.C.
a) Highly durable, Fire-resisting.
b) Monolithic character provides rigidity to structure.
c) Fluidity of concrete and flexibility of Reinforcement
make it possible to mould into various shapes.
d) Cost of maintenance is negligible.
PRECAST CONCRETE (P.C.)
Casted in Separate form and then placed.
Casted in casting yard or on building site.
After casting, transported and placed in position by cranes.

PC units are
1) Hollow concrete blocks
2) Tiles
3) Pipes
4) Roof Slabs
5) Electric Poles
6) Stair Case
7) Rail Sleepers
Uses Of P.C
Casting structural Elements like BEAMS, COLUMS,
SLABS, WATER TANKS, GIRDERS, FRAMES,
TRUSSES, SEPTIC TANKS, WATERSUPPLY AND
DRAINAGE PIPE, FENCING POST, ELECTRIC
POLES, CAISSIONS, TRAFFIC BARRIERS, ROAD
DIVIDERS, CONRETE PILES, BRIDGE PIERS
ETC
Manufacturing-
(Reinforcement Mould Concreting )
Advantages-
Mould can be reused when production is in bulk
Better quality control as production is in factory
Smooth surface may be achieved and plastering may be avoided.
Precast Concrete Examples
PreStress Concrete.
Def:- Concrete in which reinforcing steel
bars/tendons are stretched and anchored
to compress it and thus increase its
resistance to stress.

Methods
A)Pre-tensioning
B)Post-tensioning
Pre-tensioning
Steel reinforcement is first
tensioned with hydraulic jack and
then concreting is done and harden
for 28 days.
Used for LONG SPANs.
Higher tensile strength is obtained.
Post-tensioning
Steel reinforcement is enclosed in ducts
or metal sheets, concreting is done and
harden for 28 days, then these steel
reinforcements are tensioned with the
help of hydraulic jack and anchored.
Used for LONG SPANs
Higher tensile strength is obtained.
Uses of PSC
PSC girders in bridges.
Railway Sleepers
Electric pole
Beams of large span
Pile foundation
Slabs

Pile for foundation

Advantages
Size of structural member is reduced
Members can resist shocks, vibration, impact
Mostly high quality material is used.
STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS
STRUCTURE OF BUILDING IS DIVIDED IN
Two CATEGORIES-
1) Superstructure (above GS)
2) Substructure (Below GL)

Components of Substructure:
a) Foundation
b) Plinth
c) Damp proof Course (DPC)
Foundation
Total Load of SUPERSTRUCTURE is transmitted
to the FOUNDATION BED via SUBSTRUCTURE.
Def.:- Structure which supports the superstructure
Transmitting media usually made up of RCC
Foundation Bed made up of hard (Nat/Art) bedrock or soil.

FUNCTION OF FOUNDATION
Transfer and Distribute the load uniformly.
Prevent from Uneven settlement
To maintain stability of structure from overturning and sliding
Forms a level for laying the masonry courses.
BEARING CAPACITY
Structure will be safe if the bearing
capacity of the soil is satisfactory.
Bearing capacity = Maximum Load carrying capacity
ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY-
Max. avg intensity of applied pressure that the
underlying area can carry before its shear failure of
material.
Safe Bearing Capacity = Ultimate BC
-----------------------
FOS
FOS
1.5 to 2 Temporary structures
2 to 3 - Shallow Footing
2 to 6 - Pile Foundation
5 to 10 Rock Structures
2.5 - Buildings FOUNDATION

Value of FOS (difference in loads,

ground strata, position of Ground water)
SETTLEMENT OF FOUNDATION
It is the vertical downward movement of the
foundation.
Amt. of settlement may be different for different
types of soil
Settlement is a time dependent process
Clayey Soil Very Gradual (Long time and more)
Sandy Soil Quick and less.

TYPES OF SETTELMENT
Uniform Settlement
Differential Settlement
Type of settlement

Uniform Sliding / Differential

Settlement Overturning Settlement
UNIFORM SETTELMENT
Vertical DOWNWARD movement of the total
base of structure is EQUAL.
US causes when
- Uniformly distributed load.
- Uniform soil / rock beneath
NO Damage to structure.
Excessive US may damage-
- Water supply & Drainage lines
- Telephone & Electric Cables.
DIFFRENTIAL SETTLEMENT
Vertical DOWNWARD movement of the total
base of structure is Non - Uniform.
DS causes when
- Distributed load on the structure is uneven
- Different soil / rock beneath the foundation.
DS is a DANGEROUS Settlement.
 P
P P
P
P

P2

P1 P3
Types of Foundation
Foundation ( Based on Depth)
SHALLOW FOUNDATION
Spread Footing Used to distribute
Concentrated Load from Superstructure
over a wider area. (WALL FOOTING)
 STRIP FOOTING
1) Simple Strip Footing
2) Stepped Strip Footing
Used below light structure.
Garden wall or Compound Wall.
Temporary structures.

Step
Offset

Simple Wall Footing

Stepped Wall Footing
ISOLATED / PAD FOOTING (Column Footing)
These are used to support Individual Column.
They may be in different shapes
- Rectangular
- Square
- Circular
- Sloped
Used for modern RCC building.
COMBINED FOOTING
When loads on adjacent columns are very high or
BC of the soil is less, two columns are grouped
together to form a combined footing
Differential settlement is reduced as the base is
common.
Case 1: Same Loading on 2 column (W1 & W1) Rectangular Footing
Case 2: Diff Loading on 2 column (W1 & W2) Trapezoidal Footing
W1 W1
STRAP / CANTILEVER FOOTING
Provided in following conditions:

Case I If it is not possible to provide

footing exactly below the column.
(boundary restriction)

Case II Distance between the 2

columns is so large that combined
footing is not possible.

In such cases a cantilever beam

connects these 2 columns.
DEEP FOUNDATION
Pile Foundation
A sender Column capable of
transferring the structural load to
the deep underlying layer.
End of column is usually
sharp.
At the G.L the pile is
covered with PILE CAP,
on which COLUMN
is constructed.
END BEARING PILE
Load is transferred to Hard Strata,
through soft soil strata,
at a greater depth.

Pile rests on HARD STRATA at

greater depth.
FRICTION PILE
Load transfer is by SKIN FRICTION without any
end bearing.
Soil offers resistance to pile by virtue of
FRICTION.
SUPERSTRUCTURE (topics)
TYPES OF LOADS-
DL & LL
Wind Load

EARTHQUAKE CONSIDERATIONS
TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION
Load bearing
Framed
Composite

MASONRY
Stone masonry
Brick Masonry
Superstructure
PART OF STRUCTURE ABOVE Plinth Level (G.S)
Components- (Wall, Roof, Door, Windows, Flooring,
Slab etc)
Plinth Part of Structure lying above
Substructure and below Superstructure.
Loads acting on Superstructure DL, LL, Wind Load,

H.W
Q1. Write comparison of Superstructure and Substructure
TYPES OF LOADS
1) Dead Load (D. L)
2) Wind Load (W. L)
3) Live Load (L. L)
4) Earthquake Load (Eq. L)
These loads may act simultaneously (W.L, Eq. L
may vary)
DEAD LOAD
Load of Material Self wt. of Bldg. Components.
D.L = (Volume x Unit Weight of material) (KN/m3)

MATERIAL UNIT WEIGHT (KN/m3)

PCC 24
RCC 25
Brick 22
Steel 78
Brick Masonry 18
Stone Masonry 22
LIVE LOAD
Movable Superimpose load acting on structure.
(Occupant, Furniture, Equipment, machinery, etc)
It is usually consider acting uniformly .
In case of Multistoried building, FULL LOAD on
each floor is not considered for calculating
Foundation Load.
Minimum L.L. depends on type of Building.
TYPE (Purpose) Min L.L.((KN/m)
Residential, Hospital 2.00
Office Room, Small Work Place 2.45
Bank, Reading Hall 3.00
Class Room, Restaurants 4.00
WIND LOAD
W.L is effective in HIGH RISE BUILDING.
Wind Pr. {P = kV}
P = wind pressure in (KN/m)
k = Coefficient depending on wind velocity, size,
shape of structure and Atm. Temperature.
Ht. < 3 times the width (W.L may be neglected)
EARTHQUAKE LOAD
TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION
Methods of constructing SUPERSTRUCTURE.
1) LOAD BEARING STRUCTURE
2)FRAMED STRUCTURE
3)COMPOSITE STRUCTURE
Choice for the method of construction depends on
- Number of Floors,
- Area Covered,
- Type of Structure,
- Bearing Capacity of Land,
- Economy
LOAD BEARING CONSTRUCTION
Load transferred to wall as roof and floors are
connected to the wall
Roof & Floor Wall Wall Footing Underlying Strata
Economical up to 2 storeys (as no of storeys
increases wall thickness increases & carpet area
reduces)
Feasible where HARD STRATA is available at
Shallow depth.
Now a days Temporary and important structure are build.
E.g. - Shaniwarwada, C.O.E. Pune, Central Bldg.
FRAMED STRUCTURE
Slab Beam Column Footing Underlying Soil.
Used for MULTISTORIED BUILDING.
Frame is constructed by RCC
Speed is faster compared to LBS
If HARD STRATA NOT available at considerable
depth, PILE foundation or RAFT foundation is
designed.
COMPOSITE STRUCTURE
COMBINATION of L.B.S & F.S
OUTER WALL L.B.S.
Columns and Beams are provided intermediately.
Floors and Roofs are supported by walls and
frames.
Used for Industrial Sheds, Warehouses where
spans are long.
THANK YOU.