4G

Network Services

1
 What is 4G?

With great power comes great

responsibility. 2
4G
Fourth generation Mobile Communications

Wireless World Research Forum defines 4G

as:

-A network that operates on Internet technology,

combines it with other applications and
technologies
such as Wi-Fi, and runs at speeds ranging from
100
Mbps (in cell-phone networks) to 1 Gbps(in local
Wi-Fi networks).
 Other descriptions:
Beyond 3rd Generation.
Fourth-generation cellular communication
system.
Fourth-generation mobile technology.
Fully IP-based wireless internet.
100 Mbps (outdoor) and 1Gbps (indoor).
End-to-end QoS (Quality of service).
High security.
Any services, anytime, anywhere.
4G will make us as a part of the Internet.
Always Be Connected (ABC).
4
 4G is used broadly to include several
types
of broadband wireless access
communication
systems along with cellular
telephone systems.

The goal of 4G systems is to

incorporate and integrate different
wireless access technologies and
5
 Previous
Generations
(1G,2G,2.5G and 3G)

Everything you can imagine is real.

6
 1G
When one door closes, another
opens. 7
 1G (First Generation) is the name
given to the first generation of
mobile telephone networks.

Circuit-switched technology.
FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple
Access).
Analog system.
Basic mobility.
Poor voice quality.
Poor security. 8
 2G

You can have it all. Just not all at once.

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 Digital consists of 1s and 0s
Digital signal:
1) Low level,
2) High level,
3) Rising edge,
4) Falling edge
2

1 1
3
0 0 0

1
4

10
2G
Digital data can be compressed and
multiplexed much more effectively than
analog voice encodings.
Multiplexing -multiple analog message
signals or digital data streams are combined
into one signal.

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 Allows for lower powered radio signals that
require less battery power.
Digital voice data can be compressed and
multiplexed much more effectively than
analog.
CODEC introduction -program that encodes
and decodes digital data stream or signal.
Translates data from digital to analog and vice
Speaker
.

Voice CODEC
0101110

12
2G
Advantages:
The digital voice encoding allows
digital error checking
increase sound quality
lowers the noise level
Going all-digital allowed for the
introduction of digital data transfer.
SMS short message service
E-mail

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2G
Disadvantages

Cell towers had a limited coverage area.

Built mainly for voice services and slow data.

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 2.5G
2G Enhanced

The best way to predict the future is to

invent it. 15
 Lies somewhere between 2G and 3G.

The development of 2.5G has been

viewed as a stepping-stone towards
3G.

Was prompted by the demand for

better data services and access to the
internet.

Provides faster services than 2G, but

not as faster as advanced as the
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 Extends the capabilities of 2G
systems by providing additional
features, such as a packet-switched
connection(GPRS) in the TDMA-
based GSM system, and enhanced
data rates (HSCSD and EDGE).

GPRS: General Packet Radio Services.

EDGE: Enhanced Data for Global Evolution.
HSCSD: High Speed circuit-switched data. 17
 3G
Dreams are necessary to life.
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 3G
Large capacity and broadband
capabilities. Allows the transmission of
384kbps for mobile systems and up to
2Mbps.

Increased spectrum efficiency 5Mhz

-A greater number of users that can be
simultaneously supported by a radio frequency
bandwidth.

High data rates at lower incremental

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 3G
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access.
Does not divide up the channel by time or
frequency.
Encodes data with a special code associated
with each channel.

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Data Rates Comparison (Kbps)

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 Evolution To 4G

Ever wonder where your life is

going. 22
 Evolution to 4G
CDMA GSM/UMTS IEEECellular IEEELAN

2G CDMA IS- GSM TDMA IEEE IEEE

95A IS-136 802.16 802.11

IEEE
2.5G CDMA IS- GPRS
802.11a
95B

E- WCDMA TD
3G CDMA 2000
GPRS FDD/TD SCDMA
IEEE
802.11g
EDGE D LCR-TDD

1x Ev-DO HSDPA Fixed Wi

3.5G Rev O/A/B FDD/TD
HSUPA
WiMAX BRO IEEE
FDD/TD 802.11g
D 802.16
D
d
LTE HSPA Mobile
3.9G UMB 802.20
E- + WiMAX
IEEE
802.11n
UTRA 802.16e
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 Technology moving
towards 4G
Mobility

4G
1995 2000 2005 2010+

Highspeed
3GLTE

3G
(IMT2000)
Mobile
Medium
CDMA/GSM/TDMA WiMAX
speed (WiBRO)
2G
(Digital)
CDMA/GSM/TDMA
HighSpeed
1G WPAN
WLAN
(Analog)
5GHz
Lowspeed WLAN
2.4GHz
WLAN
Bluetooth DataRates

~14.4kbps 144kbps 384kbps <50Mbps

24 <100Mbps
 Mobility

Highspeed

Medium
speed
3thGeneration 4thGeneration
(IMT2000)
2G (20072010)
2.5G

(2001)
Walking/ 2G
Localarea

Standing/
Indoor DataRates
0.1 1 10 25 100
4G
Communication
System

A dream is a wish your heart

makes.
 Seamless Roaming
"Seamless" and "wireless," when put
together, represent a technology of
wireless Internet that hands you off to
another network without interruption so
you may continue your activities online
without even noticing that you
connected into another network.
Another name for it is "seamless
roaming."

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Seamless Connection of Networks in 4G

Cellular2.5G
(GSMetc.
Cellular3G
(UMTSetc.

Digital
Audio/Video
Broadcast ConnectionLayer

CoreIPNetwork

Cellular4G
ShortRange
PAN/LAN/
MAN/WAN
WLAN/
HIPERLAN
29
Features of 4G:
Faster and more reliable.
100 Mb/s (802.11g wireless = 54Mb/s, 3G = 2Mb/s)
Lower cost than previous generations
Multi-standard wireless system.
Bluetooth, Wired, Wireless (802.11x)
Ad Hoc Networking.
IPv6 Core.
OFDM used instead of CDMA.
Potentially IEEE standard 802.11n
Most information is proprietary. 30
 vs.

Technology 3G 4G
Frequency 1.8 -
2 - 8GHz
Band 2.5GHz
Bandwidth 5-20MHz 5-20MHz
Data Rates Up to 100Mbps moving - 1Gbps
2Mbps stationary
Access W-CDMA VSF-OFCDM and VSF-CDMA
FEC Turbo-
Concatenated codes
codes
Switching Circuit/Pack Packet
et 31
 4G
Technology
Flexibility comes with
responsibility. 32
 Smart Antenna

Beam radio signals directly at a users to

follow the users as they move.

Allow the same radio frequency to be used for

other users without worry of interference.

Seamless handoff between towers/access

points.

One transmit antenna, two receive antennas.

Allows connection to two access points at
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once.
 Smart
Space Division
Past Antenna
Multiple Access
(SDMA)

Now

Past
Now

Same time
and
frequency
Beam
Tracking

Smart Antenna 34
Orthogonal Frequency Division
Modulation (OFDM)

Basic idea:
Using a large number of parallel narrow-
band subcarriers instead of a single wide-
band carrier to transport information.

Advantages:
-Very easy and efficient in dealing with
multi-path.
-Robust again narrow-band interference
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 G4
Earth's population stands at around 6.6
billion.
The Internet has a population of just 1.3
billion.
22%

IPv6 uses 128 bits for IPv6 addresses

which allows for 340 billion billion billion
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 IPv6 vs. IPv4
Feature IPv4 IPv6
Deployed 1978 1999
Address 129.5.255.2/16 2001:0ba0:01e0:d001:00
format 00:0000:d0f0:0010
Address Over 109; possible addresses Over 1038; possible
Space addresses
Packet Size Variable size- time consuming Fixed size (40 Octets)
to handle More efficient
Special fields Many types, often not Eliminated for efficiency
in header supported by venders . or replaced by other
features.
Security -limited: no authentication or -Authentication(validation
encryption at IP level. of packet origin).
-Dependence on higher level -Encryption(privacy of
protocols; vulnerable to DoS contents)
and address deception or -requires administration
spoofing attacks. of security associations
to handle key
distributions.
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Quality of -Defined but not generally -Flow labeling
Data Rate Comparison
(Kbps)

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 Conclusion:
4G system provides an end to end IP
solution where voice and data
streamed multimedia can be served
to users on an Anytime, Anywhere
basis at higher data rates than
previous generation.
Wider bandwidth.
End-to-end QoS.
Higher security.
Offering any kind of services anytime,
anywhere. 39
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