Power System Control

Load Frequency Control

Outlines
Introduction of Power System Control.

Main Frequency Loop Control (FLC).

The Automatic Area Generation (AGC) in single and

multi area systems.
The objective of the control strategy
To generate and deliver power in an interconnected
system as economically and reliably as possible,

while maintaining the voltage and frequency within

permissible limits.
Frequency and Voltage Control
Changes in real power affect mainly the system
frequency,

while reactive power is less sensitive to changes in

frequency and is mainly dependent on changes in
voltage magnitude.

Thus, real and reactive powers are controlled

separately.
Frequency and Voltage Control Cont'd
In an interconnected power system, load frequency
control (LFC) and automatic voltage regulator (AVR)
equipment are installed for each generator.

The controllers are set for a particular operating

condition and take care of small and slow changes in
load demand to maintain the frequency and voltage
magnitude within the specified limits.
General scheme for LFC and AVR
Load Frequency Control
The objectives of the LFC are to

(1) To divide the load between generators (for

economic purposes).

(2) Control the tie-line interchange schedules (for

reliability purposes).

While maintaining reasonably uniform frequency.

Mathematical Models for FLC
components
The transfer function approach will be considered here.

Small signal perturbation will be applied to non-linear

functions to obtain linear functions compatible with the
transfer function approach.
Generator Model
Load Model

At steady-state normal conditions, Pe = PL

Types of Loads
(1) Loads that are independent of frequency changes.
such as lighting and heating loads.
(2) Loads that are sensitive to frequency change, like
motors.

When load changes,

Updated Block Diagram
 The Prime Mover
It relates the change in
valve position to the
change in the output
mechanical power of the
turbine, a simple transfer
function for a turbine is
given on the right.
 The Speed Governor Model
When the generator electrical load is suddenly
increased, the electrical power exceeds the
mechanical power input.

This power deficiency is supplied by the kinetic

energy stored in the rotating system.

The reduction in kinetic energy causes the turbine

speed and, consequently, the generator frequency to
fall.
The Speed Governor Model
The change in speed is sensed by the turbine
governor which acts to adjust the turbine input valve
to change the mechanical power output to bring the
speed to a new steady-state.

The governor senses the change in speed, and

produces a command that eventually translates to a
change in generator output.
Governor steady speed
characteristics
The slope of the curve represents
the speed regulation R.
Governors typically have a speed
regulation of 5-6 percent from
zero to full load.

A load changes takes place,

the rotors speed decreases, the
speed change is sensed and
the change in Pg, a signal
corrresponding with generation
change,
Governor steady speed
characteristics
However, an important part of a
governor, called the speed changer,
can be used to achieve the desired
generator output at the nominal
frequency, this is indicated by

The addition of Pref, allows us to

choose the scheduling that we want for
each generator, this is important for
economic dispatch
Governor steady speed
characteristics

The command Pg is
transformed to steam
valve position command
Pv. Assuming a linear
relationship and considering a
simple time constant Tg,we
have the following s-domain
relation
Steady State Speed Deviation
See Example
Automatic Generation Control
In the primary FLC loop, the steady speed will not be the
set point, and there will be an offset .

One way to restore the speed or frequency to its

nominal value is to add an integrator.

Thus, as the system load changes continuously, the

generation is adjusted automatically to restore the
frequency to the nominal value.
AGC in a Single Area System.
AGC in a Single Area System Cont'd
The rest action can be achieved by introducing an
integral controller to act on the load reference setting
to change the speed set point. The integral controller
increases the system type by 1 which forces the
final frequency deviation to zero.

The closed loop transfer function with the integrator in,

will be
AGC in a Single Area System Cont'd

The integral controller gain KI must be adjusted for a satisfactory

transient response.
The End