EXTERNAL PRESSURE DESIGN AS PER ASME SEC

VIII-I

Pressure acting on outside of a vessel.

By Asif Kamal
INTERNAL PRESSURE DESIGN AS PER ASME SEC
VIII-I

Pressure acting on inside surface of a vessel.

ASME SEC VIII-I

This is a Pressure vessel design CODE.

Code Requirements:

Design
Material
Fabrication
Inspection

Code Arrangement:

Subsection A General Requirements : Part UG

Subsection B Fabrication Requirements : e.g. Part UW
Subsection C Material Requirements : e.g. Part UCS, Part
UHA, Part UNF
INTERNAL PRESSURE DESIGN

Shell design for internal pressure: UG-27

Circumferential Stress:

Longitudinal Stress:

t = Min. Reqd. Thk

P= Internal pressure
R= Internal Radius
S= Allowable Stress Value
E= Joint Efficiency
INTERNAL PRESSURE DESIGN

Thin Vessel Theory:

PRESSURE & STRESS

Pressure:

Fluid force per unit area against the wall of the vessel.
PRESSURE & STRESS

Stress:

Internal resistive force per unit area inside the material due
to external loading.

Allowable Stress:
Is selected below Yield stress so that the material does not
deform permanently. e.g. 90% of Yield stress.
ASME ALLOWABLE STRESS VALUES : UG-23

ASME SEC-II Part D Table X :

Values of Allowable Stress are tabulated against

temperature for each material.
INTERNAL PRESSURE DESIGN

Shell design for internal pressure: UG-27

Circumferential Stress:

Longitudinal Stress:

t = Min. Reqd. Thk

P= Internal pressure
R= Internal Radius
S= Allowable Stress Value
E= Joint Efficiency
When and Where do we encounter External
Pressure?

Can be either a service or an operational requirement.

e.g.
Steam out condition
Improper Draining after Hydrotest.
Process requirement
How is it Different from internal Pressure?

Internal Pressure Produces Tension in Shell or Head

Thickness.

Whereas External Pressure Produces Compression in

thickness.

Material stress under Compression is exactly the same as

in Tension, however

Failure occurs long before Yield stress is reached due to

Buckling.
How is it Different from internal Pressure?
How is it Different from internal Pressure?

Internal Pressure Causes Failure by Plastic Deformation.

External Pressure on the other hand causes failure by

elastic instability long before Plastic Deformation Failure.

Buckling

buckling is a mathematical
instability, leading to a failure
mode.
e.g. A long rod with one end
fixed to the ground.
Buckling of a Column
Buckling of a Shell Under Load at ends
Buckling of a Shell under External Pressure
External Pressure Design of Shell

Geometry is critical factor than Material Strength.

Failure can occur suddenly, by collapse of the

component long before the yield point of the material
is reached.

Failure depends not only on the material but also on

the geometry of the component.
ASME External Pressure Design of Shell
(UG-28)

Geometric Parameters involved are

*Diameter
*Thickness
*Design Length

Material Parameters involved are

*Modulus of Elasticity @ Design Temperature

Young's modulus or modulus of elasticity E

The measure of material's resistance

to be deformed elastically (i.e.
not permanently)
Design Length
Design Length
ASME External Pressure Design of Shell
(UG-28)

Step1 Assume a Thickness

Step2 Determine Do and L
Step3 Calculate L/Do & Do/t
Step4 Determine Factor A from ASME SEC II Part D,
Subpart 3, Fig. G
ASME External Pressure Design of Shell
(UG-28)
ASME External Pressure Design of Shell
(UG-28)
ASME External Pressure Design of Shell
(UG-28)

Step5 Determine Factor B from the Applicable Material

Chart in ASME SEC II Part D, Subpart 3.

Step6 Calculate Pa Depending upon A falling to the

left of the Material Curve or On the Material Curve.
ASME External Pressure Design of Shell
(UG-28)
ASME External Pressure Design of Shell
(UG-28)

Step7 Decide whether to increase the thickness or use

Stiffener Rings to reduce L and repeat the Steps 1 to 6
if Calculated Pressure is less than required External
Pressure.
Stiffening Rings UG-29

A stiffening ring stiffens the shell thereby, reducing the

unsupported length. It must have required Moment of
Inertia in order to act as a line of support.

Is = Reqd. Moment of Inertia of Stiffening ring

Is = Reqd. Moment of Inertia of combined ring-shell section
As = Cross-sectional area of the ring
A = Material Factor from Section II Part D
Ls = Sum of One-half of the distance from the centerline of
stiffening ring to the next line of support on one side on
each side
Stiffening Rings UG-29

Stiffening Ring can be external

or internal.

Area of notches/ cuts and gaps

in the internal rings need to be
considered as per code rules.

If Gap in Internal ring exceeds a

certain length then the
remaining MOI needs to be
provided by a section outside
the shell.

Corrosion Allowance need to be

considered on each exposed
face.
Attachment of Stiffening Rings UG-30

Stiffening ring can be

welded full penetration,
fillet only or intermittent
fillets. The weld size need to
be calculated as per code.

Structural shapes are

normally avoided due to
material being structural
quality.

We always keep stiffening

ring perpendicular to the
shell wall.

MOI of Bar type Stiffener is

t.h3/12
Stiffening Rings UG-29

Moment of Inertia or Second Moment of Area

Is a shape property, which measures the resistance of a

shape to bending about an arbitrary axis.
Stiffening Rings UG-29

Insert more rings to reduce Ls.

Increase Shell Thk and or Stiffening Ring Moment of Inertia

to increase available Moment of Inertia.

Increase in Thk of Stiffening ring is not as effective as is the

increase in Height of Stiffening ring as MOI increases more
with height of section than by the thickness of the ring.

Some extra calculations not addresses in code are

performed by PV elite software.
Use Stiffeners or Increase Shell thickness?

Cost, Fabrication & Suitability for Stiffener Rings.

Many Stiffeners and Thinnest shell or thicker Shell with

lesser number of Stiffeners?

What is More Economical?

Most Economical configuration Lies some where between

the two, Generally rings at 2D for D up to 2.5m and at
1D for above 2.5m Dia is Most Economical.

(Recommended by Pressure Vessel Design Manual by

Dennis R Moss)
Example of IGF Vessel with Internal and
External Stiffening Rings (U1834)
Example of IGF Vessel with Internal and
External Stiffening Rings (U1834)
Shell Thickness for full Vacuum @ 93 C, SA-
516 485(N), 3m long Shells, W/O, With One
ring. With Two Rings each shell (Ring Size ~
16mm THK x 200mm WIDE)

What is More Economical?

Most Economical configuration Lies some where between

the two, Generally rings at 2D for D up to 2.5m and at
1D for above 2.5m Dia is Most Economical.

(Recommended by Pressure Vessel Design Manual by

Dennis R Moss)

The Rind size above is very big, so we should use 2 or 3

smaller rings approximately 10mm THK x 80mm Wide.
Shell Thk for full Vacuum

All dimensions are in mm.