HIGH RISE BUILDING

STRUCTURES IN TAIWAN
THE TAIPEI 101

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MOTIVATION
High-rise buildings were too much blooming in Taiwan
from 1975 to 1995.
But there were about 20 high-rise buildings totally
collapsed and other 20 high-rise buildings seriously
damaged in the Taiwan Chi-Chi Earthquake, 1999.
It is a good challenge to structural engineers to design
and construct the Taipei 101 in Taiwan after the Chi-Chi
Earthquake.

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PURPOSE OF THIS PAPER
Try to introduce:
How high-rise building structures are designed in
Taiwan;
Why high-rise building structures were seriously
damaged in the Taiwan Chi-Chi EQK, 1999;
How to assess the collapse peak ground acceleration
of high-rise building structures;
Structural design and construction of the Taipei
101.
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Taipei 101
 89F,91F Observatory
86~88F Restaurant
85F Conference Center
9~84F Offices
Mechanical Floor

35 36 59 60F Sky Lobby

5F~6F Health Center
4F City Square
1F~2F Main Lobby
B1 Grand Market
B2~B5 Parking

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GENERAL SCOPE OF THE TAIPEI 101
Located at the financial district, City of Taipei, Taiwan.
Site area is 150m*150m owned by the City
Government of Taipei.
BOT project:
Built by the Taipei Financial Center Corporation
Operate for 70 years since 1996.
Transfer back to the City Government of Taipei.
Department Podium opened in Nov., 2003;
office tower will open in Dec., 2004.

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GENERAL SCOPE OF THE TAIPEI 101 (contd)

Design Architect :
C.Y. Lee and Partners, Taiwan.
Structural Designer :
Evergreen Engineering Consulting Co., Inc., Taiwan.
Structural Peer Reviewer :
Thornton Tomasetti, New York, USA.
Project Manager and Construction Manager :
Turner, New York, USA.
General Constructor :
Kumagai Gumi Co. Ltd., Japan.

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GENERAL SCOPE OF THE TAIPEI 101 (contd)

Total floor area = 356,000 m2

Land rent for 70 years = USD 600M
Construction fee = USD 720M = USD 2,000/m2
Design fee, consulting fee, insurance fee,
banking interest and management = USD 380M
Total investment fee = USD 1.7B = USD 4,800/m2

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GENERAL SCOPE OF THE TAIPEI 101 (contd)

Number of Story: Super Struc. 101, Basmt. 5

Total Height: 508 meters from ground floor to top of
pinnacle
Ground Floor Dimension: 62.3m*62.3m
Pinnacle Dimension : 4m*4m ~ 2m*2m
Super Col. Size:2400mm*3000mm*80mm/70MPa HPC

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 FOUNDATION PLAN Department Podium:
167 piles2.0m
A B C D E F G H H.5 J K L M N P Q R S T

1.6

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Office Tower:
7

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380 piles1.5m
9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

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 PILE CAP OF TOWER
4.7m
H.5 J Q
H K L M N P R S T

9 3.5m
10

11

12

13

14

15
3.0m
16

17

18

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TOWER PODIUM

clay

Soft
man
alluvium

alluvium

Rock
8 units are overlapping
with each other.
Mechanical floors are
located at bottom of each
unit.
10 very strong Mechanical
floors to stop unexpected
progressive collapse.

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STRUCTURAL PLAN OF LOWER STORIES

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STRUCTURAL PLAN OF HIGHER STORIES
 MECHANICAL PLAN

There are 16
outriggers, 1 vertical
belt truss, 1 horizontal
belt truss and moment
connection girders to
stop unexpected
progressive collapse

18


FRAME
ELEVATION

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DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
FOR WIND LOAD
1/2 years
- HUMAN COMFORT
50 years
- DRIFT RATIO
100 years
- STRESS RATIO

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RESULTS OF WIND ANALYSIS

Under 0.5 year return period of wind:

floor acceleration without damper = 7cm/sec2
floor acceleration with damper = 4cm/sec2
< 5cm/sec2
Under 50 year return period of wind:
max story drift under (55%Wx + 100%Wy + 55%Wz)
= 0.42% < 0.5% allowable
Under 100 year return period of wind:
max member stress ratio < 1.00
max story drift = 0.57%
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 Wind Analysis for Human Comfort
10
TOTAL ACCELERATION (%g)

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Taiwanese Criteria (5 milli-g)

0
0.1 1 10
RETURN PERIOD (years)

ISOCriteria WithTyphoons (1.5%damping)

WithoutTyphoons (1.5%damping) with TMD(5%damping- TYPHOON)

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Wind TMD

Wt: 680t
Diameter: 5.6m
Pendulum Ht: 9m
Damping: 5%
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
FOR EQK LOAD
Code design eqk load
- STORY DRIFT RATIO
100 year
- MEMBER STRESS RATIO
950 year
- DUCTILITY DEMAND
- PLASTIC ROTATION ANGLE
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RESULTS OF EQK ANALYSIS
Under Code design earthquake load:
max story drift = 0.33% < 0.5% allowable
Under 100 year return period of earthquake:
stress ratio < 1.00 by response spectrum analysis
Under 950 year return period of earthquake:
ductility demand = 3 by pushover analysis;
plastic hinge rotation demand = 0.25%
Under 2500 year return period of earthquake:
plastic hinge rotation demand= 4% < 5% allowable
If plastic rotation demand > 0.5%, cut girder flange

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 HIGH DUCTILE GIRDER FLANGE
PROVIDES 5% PLASTIC ROTATION
Settlement due to WIND-X Settlement due to WIND-Y
(Max = 1.2cm) (Max = 1.2cm)

Settlement due to EQK-X Settlement due to EQK-Y

(Max = 2.4cm) (Max = 2.4cm)

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Pile Test by Stanamic
DIMENSION CHANGE OF SUPER COLUMN
2424
Pumping Test of HPC
DAMAGE OF TOWER CRANES DURING
CONSTRUCTION STAGE, MARCH 31, 2002

PGA on site was about 193 gals.

4 tower cranes were working on 53rd floor
and two of them dropped down.
5 persons died and 10 persons wounded.
Some curtain walls, slabs, and sub-beams
were damaged.

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Before EQK After EQK
2002/3/28
2002/4/01

H260M
2002.03.31 EQK

Hinet