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BASIC CHEMISTRY
Chapter 6
Li + F Li+ F - (LiF)
1s22s1 1s22s22p5 1s2 1s22s22p6
Li Li+ + e-
e- + F F -
Li+ + F - Li+ F -
A covalent bond is a chemical bond in which two or more
electrons are shared by two atoms.
F + F F F
7e- 7e- 8e- 8e-
Lewis structure of F2
H + O + H H O H or H O H
2e-8e-2e-
O C O or O C O
8e- 8e- 8e- double bonds
double bonds
Bond Lengths
Triple bond < Double Bond < Single Bond
COMPARISON OF GENERAL PROPERTIES
OF IONIC COMPOUND AND COVALENT
COMPOUND
F N F
F
Write the Lewis structure of the carbonate ion (CO 32-).
formal charge
on C
= -1
H C O H
formal charge
on O
=+1
formal charge
H on C
=0
C O
H formal charge
on O
=0
Formal Charge and Lewis Structures
-1 +1 H 0 0
H C O H C O
H
Resonance Structure
A resonance structure is one of two or more Lewis structures
for a single molecule that cannot be represented accurately by
only one Lewis structure.
+ - - +
O O O O O O
- - - -
O C O O C O O C O
O O O
- -
Exceptions to the Octet Rule
Be 2e-
BeH2 2H 2x1e- H Be H
4e-
Odd-Electron Molecules
N 5e-
NO O 6e- N O
11e-
The Expanded Octet (central atom with principal quantum number n > 2)
F
F F
S 6e- 6 single bonds (6x2) = 12
SF6 6F 42e- S 18 lone pairs (18x2) = 36
48e- Total = 48
F F
F
Dative Covalent Bond /
Coordinate Covalent Bond
Examples:
- NH4+, NH3AlCl3, NH3BF3
Hybridization
Hybridization mixing of two or more atomic orbitals to
# of Lone Pairs
+
# of Bonded Atoms Hybridization Examples
2 sp BeCl2
3 sp2 BF3
5 sp3d PCl5
6 sp3d2 SF6
Bonding in Ethylene, C2H4
H
C O
H
C 3 bonded atoms, 0 lone pairs
C sp2
Sigma (s) and Pi Bonds
(p)
Single bond 1 sigma bond
H
O
bonds = 6 + 1 = 7
H C C O H
bonds = 1
H
Intermolecular
Forces
Intermolecular forces: attractive forces between
molecules.
Van der Waals forces:
- the attractive or repulsive force between molecules
due to covalent bonds or to the electrostatic
interaction of ions with one another or with neutral
molecules.
The term includes:
- permanent dipolepermanent dipole forces
- instantaneous induced dipole-induced dipole
(London dispersion force). Examples: interaction
between H2, Cl2, F2, CH4
Hydrogen Bond
A HB or A HA
A & B are N, O, or F
Why is the hydrogen bond considered a special
dipole-dipole interaction?