EEE 332: COMMUNICATIONS

BINARY DATA TRANSMISSION

NOVEMBER 2015

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 Outline We lead

Serial Transmission
Asynchronous Transmission
Synchronous Transmission
Non-return to Zero (NRZ)
Return to Zero (RZ)
Manchester Code

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Serial Transmission
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Serial Transmission
Parallel data transmission is not practical for long-distance
communication.
Thus, for this purpose serial data transmission is preferred.
Suppose we want to transmit an ASCII letter M = 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 of 7-bit

Fig. 1 Serial transmission of the ASCII letter M

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Serial Transmission
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Fig. 1 Serial transmission of the ASCII letter M

Transmission LSB is transmitted first, MSB last.

Each bit is transmitted at fixed interval of time (T=fixed)

If T=10 s, therefore it would take a total of 70 s to transmit a

letter M (7-bit ASCII)
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Serial Transmission
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The speed is given:

Suppose that,

Baud rate

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Serial Transmission
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Asynchronous Transmission
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Each data word is accompanied by start and stop bits that

indicates the beginning and ending of the word.
When no communication, the line is always high
Binary 1 = high or mark
Binary 0 = low or space

Fig. 2 Asynchronous transmissions with start and

stop bits
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Asynchronous Transmission
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After start bit, the individual bits of the word is transmitted. In this
case a 7-bit ASCII for U (1010101) is transmitted.
Minimum separation between 7-bit ASCII code (character word)
are 1 start bit and 1 stop bit as shown below

Fig. 3 Sequential words transmitted

asynchronously

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Synchronous Transmission
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Each data word is transmitted one after the other. There is no start
bit and stop bit

Fig. 4 Synchronous data transmission

To maintain synchronization between transmitted and receiver, a

group of synchronization bits is placed at the beginning of the
block and at the end of the block
Each block data can be hundreds or thousands of 1-byte character
Fig. 4 above shows two unique 8-bit synchronous (SYN) codes at
the start of transmission
At receiver, once it finds these characters, it begins to recognize
the data
At the end of the block, special ASCII code (ETX) signals
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to
indicate the end of transmission
Synchronous Transmission
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Synchronous transmission is faster than asynchronous

transmission since it has lower overhead (i.e. no start bit and
stop bit)

Problem: The receiving station will have difficulty to keep track of

the individual bits and bytes (especially in a noisy channel) since
there are no clear separation between them.

Solution: Transmit data in a fixed, known and precise clock rate.

Thus, the number of bits can be counted to keep track with the
bytes. For example, for every count = 8, is equivalent to one byte
received.

Synchronous transmission assumes that receiver knows or has

clock frequency identical to the transmitter clock (very hard to do
in the implementation since these are two separate hardware)

Other method is whereby the receiver derives its clock frequency

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from the received signals. field of frequency estimation
Synchronous Transmission
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DIY Example 1

A block of 256 sequential 8-bit data words is transmitted serially in

0.016 sec.

Calculate:

a) Time duration of one word

b) Time duration of one bit
c) Speed of transmission in bps

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Encoding Methods - NRZ
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Encoding Methods

Before the data is put on the medium (channel), it should be encoded

in some way to
make it compatible with the medium.

The primary encoding methods are summarized below;

Non-return to Zero (NRZ):

The signal remains at the binary level assigned to it for the entire
bit period.

Fig. 5 (a) shows the unipolar NRZ, which is slightly a different

version from Fig. 1 of binary data transmission. The logic levels
are 0V and 5V.

Binary 1 is transmitted the signal stays at 5V for
12 the total bit
Encoding Methods - NRZ
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In unipolar NRZ, the signal has only a positive polarity.

Fig 5 (a) Unipolar NRZ

In bipolar NRZ, the signal has two polarities (positive 12V and
negative 12V) as shown in Fig. 5 (b) below;

Fig 5 (b) Bipolar NRZ 13

Encoding Methods - NRZ
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The popular RS-232 serial computer interface uses bipolar NRZ,

where a binary 1 is a negative voltage [-3, -25V] and binary 0 is a
voltage [+3, +25V]

NOTE:
The NRZ method is normally generated inside computers, at low
speeds, when asynchronous transmission is being used.

The NRZ method is not popular for synchronous transmission
since there is no voltage (level) change when there are long
strings of sequential binary 1s or 0s.

If there is no signal change, it is difficult for receiver to determine
just where one bit ends and the next one begins.

If the clock is to be recovered from the transmitted data
(synchronous transmission), there must be more frequent
changes, preferably one change per bit.
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 Encoding Methods - RZ
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Return to Zero (RZ):

In this encoding method the voltage level assigned to a binary 1

level returns to zero during the bit period. Fig. 5 (c) shows the
concept and it is a unipolar RZ.
Unipolar
The binary 1 level
NRZ
(+5V) occurs for
50% of the bit
interval, and the
remaining bit
Bipolar interval is zero (0V).
NRZ

Unipolar RZ uses
only one polarity.
Unipolar
RZ Pulses occur (exist)
only when a binary
1 is transmitted; no
pulse is transmitted
15 for a binary 0.
Fig 5 (c) Unipolar RZ
Encoding Methods - RZ
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Bipolar RZ is illustrated in Fig. 5 (d).

Unipolar
RZ

Bipolar
RZ

Fig 5 (d) Bipolar RZ

A 50% bit interval +3V pulse is transmitted during a binary 1, A
50% bit interval -3V pulse is transmitted during a binary 0.

Because there is one clearly distinct pulse per bit, it is extremely

easy to derive the clock from the transmitted data. For that
reason, bipolar RZ is preferred over unipolar RZ.
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Encoding Methods - RZ
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A popular variation of the bipolar RZ is called alternative mark

inversion (AMI) as shown in Fig. 5 (e)

Bipolar
RZ

AMI

Fig 5 (e) Bipolar RZ-AMI

During the bit interval, binary 0s are transmitted as no pulse.

Binary 1s (marks) are transmitted as alternating positive and
negative pulse.

One binary 1 is sent as a positive pulse, the next binary 1 is sent

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as a negative pulse, and so on.
Encoding Methods - MANCHESTER
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Manchester

This encoding technique is also referred to as biphase encoding,

which can be unipolar or bipolar. It is widely used in LANs.
In this system a binary 1 is transmitted first as a positive pulse, for
one half of the bit interval. Then, a negative pulse is transmitted
for the remaining part of the bit interval.
A binary 0 is transmitted first as a negative pulse, for one half of
the bit interval. Then, a positive pulse is transmitted for the
remaining part of the bit interval.
Fig. 5 (f) shows the encoding technique.

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Fig 5 (f) Manchester encoding
Encoding Methods - MANCHESTER
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The fact there is a transition at the center of the bit period makes
clock recovery very easy.

However, since the transition is at the center at each bit period,
the frequency of a Manchester-encoded signal is 2 times an NRZ
signal, doubling the bandwidth requirement.

The highest fundamental frequency in Fig 5(f) is double the
fundamental frequency in Fig 5 (b) Bipolar NRZ.

Figure below shows the overall relationship;

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Encoding Methods - Comparison
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Unipolar
NRZ

Bipolar
NRZ

Unipolar
RZ

Bipolar
RZ

AMI

Manchester
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Choosing a Coding Method

The choice of an encoding method depends on the application.

For synchronous transmission, RZ and Manchester encoding

method are more preferred because the clock is easier to recover.

Another consideration is average dc voltage buildup on the

transmission line. When unipolar methods are used, a potentially
undesirable average dc voltage builds up on the line because the
charging of the line capacitance.

In order to eliminate this problem, bipolar methods are used,

where the positive pulses cancel the negative pulses and the dc
voltage is average to zero. Bipolar RZ or Manchester methods are
preferred also.

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 We lead

CREDIT TO ASSOC. PROF. DR. FADZLI SALLEH FOR THE

PRESENTATION MATERIAL

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