Enrollment number Name of the student

151100119010 Jignesh boricha

151100119071 Madhusudan h patel
 Introduction

A process must satisfy the first law in order to occur.

Satisfying the first law alone does not ensure that the process will
take place.

Second law is useful:

provide means for predicting the direction of processes,

establishing conditions for equilibrium,
determining the best theoretical performance of cycles,
engines and other devices.
A cup of hot coffee
does not get
hotter in a cooler
room. Transferrin
g heat to a
paddle
wheel will
not cause it
to rotate.

These processes cannot

occur even though they
Transferring heat to are not in violation of
a wire will not the first law.
generate electricity.
Second Law of Thermodynamics

Kelvin-Planck stateme
No heat engine can have a
thermal efficiency 100
percent.

As for a power plant to

operate, the working fluid
must exchange heat with
the environment as well as
the furnace.
 Heat Engines

Work can easily be converted to other

forms of energy, but?

Heat engine differ considerably from

one another, but all can be
characterized :
o they receive heat from a high-
temperature source
o they convert part of this heat to
work
o they reject the remaining waste
heat to a low-
temperature sink atmosphere
o they operate on a
cycle
The work-
producing device
that best fit into
the definition of a
heat engine is the
steam power
plant, which is an
external
combustion
engine.
 Thermal Efficiency

Represent the magnitude of the energy wasted in

order to complete the cycle.
A measure of the performance that is called the
thermal efficiency.
Can be expressed in terms of the desired
output and the required input

Desired Result
th
Required Input
For a heat engine the desired result is the net
work done and the input is the heat supplied
to make the cycle operate.
The thermal efficiency is always less than 1 or less
than 100 percent.

Wnet , out
th
Qin
where

Wnet , out Wout Win

Qin Qnet
 Applying the first law to the cyclic heat engine

Qnet , in Wnet , out U

Wnet , out Qnet , in
Wnet , out Qin Qout
The cycle thermal efficiency may be written as

Wnet , out
th
Qin
Qin Qout

Qin
Qout
1
Qin
 A thermodynamic temperature scale related to the
heat transfers between a reversible device and the
high and low-temperature reservoirs by

QL TL

QH TH

The heat engine that operates on the reversible

Carnot cycle is called the Carnot Heat Engine in
which its efficiency is

TL
th , rev 1
TH
 Heat Pumps and Refrigerators

A device that transfers heat from a low

temperature medium to a high temperature
one is the heat pump.

Refrigerator operates exactly like heat

pump except that the desired output is the
amount of heat removed out of the system

The index of performance of a heat pumps

or refrigerators are expressed in terms of
the coefficient of performance.
 QH QH QL
COPHP COPR
Wnet , in QH QL Wnet , in
 Carnot Cycle

Process Description

1-2 Reversible isothermal heat addition at

high temperature
2-3 Reversible adiabatic expansion from high
temperature to low temperature
3-4 Reversible isothermal heat rejection at
low temperature
4-1 Reversible adiabatic compression from low
temperature to high temperature
Execution of Carnot cycle in a piston cylinder
device
 The thermal efficiencies of actual and reversible heat
engines operating between the same temperature
limits compare as follows

The coefficients of performance of actual and

reversible refrigerators operating between the same
temperature limits compare as follows
 Entropy

The 2nd law states that process occur in a

certain direction, not in any direction.
It often leads to the definition of a new property
called entropy, which is a quantitative measure
of disorder for a system.
Entropy can also be explained as a measure of
the unavailability of heat to perform work in a
cycle.
This relates to the 2nd law since the 2nd law
predicts that not all heat provided to a cycle
can be transformed into an equal amount of
work, some heat rejection must take place.
 Entropy Change

The entropy change during a reversible process is

defined as

For a reversible, adiabatic

process
dS 0
S2 S1

The reversible, adiabatic process is called an isentropic

process.
 Entropy Change and Isentropic Processes

The entropy-change and isentropic relations for a

process can be summarized as follows:

i. Pure substances:
Any process: s = s2 s1 (kJ/kgK)
Isentropic process: s2 = s1

ii. Incompressible substances (liquids and solids):

Any process: s2 s1 = cav T2/T1 (kJ/kg
Isentropic process: T2 = T1
iii. Ideal gases:

a) constant specific heats (approximate

treatment):
for all process
T2 v2
s2 s1 Cv , av ln R ln
T1 v1

T2 P2
s2 s1 C p , av ln R ln
T1 P1
for isentropic process
k
P2 v1

P1 s const . v2
Isentropic Efficiency for Turbine
Isentropic Efficiency for Compressor